Marion B. Lucas
Professor of History and
University Distinguished Professor
Office CH 224-B
Office Ph.  (270) 745-5736
Office Fax (270) 745-2950
Home Ph. (270) 843-8580
e-mail: marion.lucas@wku.edu
WKU History Department Home Page

M.B. Lucas                                                                                                                                                                                                        Office: CH 224‑B
The Old South                                                                                                                                                                                                        Room CH 221
Email:  marion.lucas@wku.edu                                                                                                                                                            Office Ph. (502) 745-5736
Marion B. Lucas Home Page:                                                                                                                                                http://www.wku.edu/~marion.lucas
Library Research Page for History: http://www.wku.edu/Library/dlps/rsrchguides/dept/html/history.html                                               Office Fax (502) 745-2950
Hist. Dept. Home Page:                                                                                                                                                                    http://www.wku.edu/History

Text:    John B. Boles, The South through Time: A History of an American Region (1995) or William J. Cooper and Thomas E. Terrill, The American South: A History 1996 (both optional).

Hour Tests:  There will be one hour tests and a final.  The hour test is worth 20% of your grade.  The final is comprehensive and worth 40%.  All tests are essay (there may be some identifications) and come from the lectures.  You will have some choice of questions on all exams.

Reading Assignment:  Select your outside reading from books in the Helm-Cravens Library, Kentucky Library, or other libraries available to you. Do not select textbooks, picture books, or books published by non-scholarly presses as part of your outside reading (presses such as Time-Life Books, Encyclopedias, Heritage Presses, etc). The select bibliography (see my web site) consists mostly of the latest books on the Old South.  You must read recently published books (past 20 years) except upon approval.  You must read three (3) books and write a four (4) page review-analyses for each book.  You must read three (3) articles in reputable history journals and write a one (1) page-- no longer than one page--review-analysis of each article. You should also be familiar with the works mentioned in class and be curious enough to go to the library and sample other books on the shelves.  Since all authors write from a point of view, you should look up authors of the books and articles you choose to inform yourself about their qualifications. The reading assignment counts 20%.

Research Paper:  You must write a ten (10) page research paper on one of the topics shown below (or others on approval. Your paper must be double spaced and printed (typed).  Do not use draft style print and do not justify right margins.  Internet sources must be manuscripts, documents, scholarly articles, or rare out of print books. You must visit and research the Manuscript division of the Kentucky Library. Use footnotes or end notes. Please see below on this web page for citation styles which are  required. The research paper counts 20% of your grade. Grades will be reduced for late papers. Please review university regulations and punishments regarding plagiarism. Click here for library research information.

Absences: You are allowed three (3) unexcused absences with no questions asked.  After three (3) absences you must see me for additional assignments. In the event that you are absent eight (8) classes, you will be dropped with a failing grade.

Text:  John B. Boles, The South through Time: A History of an American Region (1995) or William J. Cooper and Thomas E. Terrill, The American South: A History (1996) (both optional).

Hour Tests:  There will be one hour test and a final.  The hour test is worth 20% of your grade.  The final exam is 40% of your grade.  All tests are essay (there may be some identifications) and come from the lectures.  You will have some choice of questions on all exams.

Reading Assignment: Select your outside reading from books in the Helm-Cravens Library, Kentucky Library, or other libraries available to you. Do not select textbooks, picture books, or books published by non-scholarly presses as part of your outside reading (presses such as Time-Life Books, Encyclopedias, Heritage Presses, etc). The select bibliography (see my web site) consists mostly of the latest books on the Old South.  You must read recently published books (past 20 years) except upon approval.  You must read four (4 books and write a four (4) page review-analyses for each book.  You must read four (4) articles in reputable history journals and write a one (1) page-- no longer than one page--review-analysis of each article. You should also be familiar with the works mentioned in class and be curious enough to go to the library and sample other books on the shelves.  Since all authors write from a point of view, you should look up authors of the books and articles you choose to inform yourself about their qualifications. The reading assignment counts 20%.

Research Paper:  Research Paper:  You must write a twelve (12) page research paper on one of the topics shown below (or others on approval. Your paper must be double spaced and printed (typed).  Do not use draft style print and do not justify right margins.  Internet sources must be manuscripts, documents, scholarly articles, or rare out of print books. You must visit and research the Manuscript division of the Kentucky Library. Use footnotes or end notes. Please see below on this web page for citation styles which are  required. The research paper counts 20% of your grade. Grades will be reduced for late papers. Please review university regulations and punishments regarding plagiarism. Click here for library research information.

Absences: You are allowed three (3) unexcused absences with no questions asked.  After three (3) absences, you must see me for additional assignments.  In the event that you are absent eight (8) classes, you will be dropped with a failing grade.

John C. Calhoun, 1782-1850
Statesman or Slavery Agitator?

"Calhoun's career is one of the saddest tragedies of American history--a great mind and character caught up in a mistaken cause without being great enough to perceive and conquer the error. . . .  The question cannot be escaped:  What of  the statesmanship of a leader who plants himself on theories of society and industry the fallacy of which many of his South Carolina contemporaries exposed, and success in which would have been more disastrous than defeat?  Slavery was at last abolished, and abolished by the North in the worst possible way short of a servile insurrection, instead of by the South itself in the best way possible.  The abolitionist has been proved by the outcome to have understood the essential nature of the Negro as a human being better than did the slaveholder himself, who could see in the slave only a brute labor force. . . ."   David Duncan Wallace, South Carolina: A Short History, 1520-1948 (1951), 507-508.

    Language is essential, even vital for the study of history.  Purchase a good dictionary.  I recommend Webster's New World Dictionary (latest edition).  I also recommend that you purchase, and keep with you when studying or writing, Shirley M. Miller, comp., Webster's New World 33,000 Word Book (latest edition).  This book will give you the correct spelling and dividing of most-used words.  To improve your vocabulary, I recommend purchasing a vocabulary study book such as Norman Lewis, Word Power Made Easy (latest edition) or Wilfred Funk and Norman Lewis. 30 Days to a More Powerful Vocabulary (latest edition) and, of course, retain your English grammar book for reference.  Such works will enable you to improve your vocabulary significantly.  I suggest that you approach vocabulary study systematically.  Decide on a plan such as learning one new word a day, or perhaps more practically, three words a week.  Once you develop a plan which works for you, stick with it.
  One more tip.  Learn the key rules of grammar this semester.  Know the difference between plurals and possessives.  Know what a comma splice is.  Learn the proper use of the apostrophe.  And remember: commas and periods are always inside quotation marks, [," or ."] and colons and semicolons are always outside quotation marks ["; or ":].  Learn these simple rules and you will eliminate 90 percent of the most typical errors made in grammar.  One more suggestion.  Look up "topic sentence" in your grammar book and review the ideas suggested for writing them.

Capitalize: South when you write or talk about: the South; the Old South; Deep South (a place).
Use a small "s" when you say: go south (direction).
Capitalize: Civil War.
The correct use of the verb, to secede [often confused with other words such as succeed]: The South seceded from the Union; Kentucky's leaders concluded that seceding from the Union would be unwise; the secession of southern states began in South Carolina.

abated, abrogate, acrimonious, adamant, adulation, aegis, aesthetics, affable, affluent, aggrandize, aggregate, alleviation, amiable, ambiguous, ambivalent, amenable, amoral, amphibious, analogy, anonymity, antebellum, antediluvian, anti-clerical, antipathy, appeasement, articulate, assiduous, assuage, astute, austere, autonomous, avarice, baroque, bellicose, blatantly, bombastic, bulwark, capitulate, capricious, caricature, cataclysmic, cause célèbre, cholera, clandestine, cogent, collaborate, complicity, conciliation, concordat, condoned, congenial, consternation, contiguous, convivial, coterie, coup d'état, covenant, credibility, crucible, dauphin, dearth, debacle, debilitated, debilitating, decorum, defame, deistic, delineate, demographic, derisively, despot, détente, deterrent, devotion, didactic, diffidence, diffusion, dint, discursive, disparage, doggedly, dogmatism, dogmatist, doldrums, dole, dragoons, duplicity, egalitarian, egregious, electorate, elegy, elucidate, emanate, emancipate, empirical, emulators, enigmatic, enmity, entities, enunciated, epitomize, eschewed, estrangement, ethereal, ethics, euphemism, euphoria, exchequer, expropriation, extralegal, fait accompli, feints, fetters, flagrant, fledgling, flout, fluctuation, foment, freemason, galvanize, garner, hegemony, hierarchy, ideological, impecunious, imperious, impetuosity, impetus, impinged, inculcate, incumbent, indelible, indemnification, indemnity, indigenous, ineptitude, ineptitude, ineptitude, ineptly, inequities, inexorable, inextricably, inimical, innate, insidious, instigators, interregnum, intransigent, intrusion, intuition, irony, irrational, laissez faire, lucrative, ludicrous, machinations, maldistribution, melee, mercurial, metaphysics, meticulous, monograph, moot, mundane, neoabsolutism, nominal, oligarchy, opulent, oscillated, palatable, palpably, paradoxical, paternalism, patriarch, patronage, paucity, pecuniary, penchant, perfidy, perfunctory, prerogative, perquisite, philanderer, pietist, pilloried, pinnacle, plausible, plebiscite, pluralism, plurality, polemics, posthumous, postulate, preclude, preemptive, prerogative, prig, pristine, prodigy, profligate, promulgated, propound, proscribe, protectorate, protracted, purveyor, putsch, quelling, rabid, rapprochement, rationality, recalcitrant, recapitulate, refractory, refractory, reminiscent, remunerate, residue, resilience, retrograde, reverberations, rigid, rudiments, sagacious, scandal, sectarian, secularism, seminal, servitude, sovereignty, spawned, spurn, status quo, sumptuary, superannuated, supranational, syllogisms, syndicates, synonymous, tantamount, technocrats, tempering, temporize, tercentenary, titular, touchstone, transcendence, transcendental, trauma, traumatic, tremulous, truculent, tutelage, ubiquitous, ulterior, unabashed, unicameral, unpalatable, usurpation, vagrancy, veneer, verbiage, verve, vilify virile, vituperate, virulent, vociferous, volatile, waning, waxing, writ

Dorchester Episcopal Church

Revolutionary War Ruins of Dorchester Episcopal Church in Lowcountry South Carolina.  Characters in William Gilmore Simms' novel, The Partisan, set in Revolutionary South Carolina, fought the British in this area.

H-Net Humanities & Social Studies
H-Civil War
H-South
The Idea of the South: Electronic Resources
Slave Narratives
The World Wide Web Virtual Library: History
Historical Text Archive
Social Sciences Virtual Library
History Links on the Internet
Voice of the Shuttle: History Page
History Resources on the Internet
American Studies Web
The History Ring

Writing & Guides
The Book Review Tutor

American Historical Association
Organization of American Historians
Southern Historical Association
History Departments Around the World

General Works
Boles, John B. The South Through Time (1995).
Miller, Randall M. and John David Smith, eds., Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery (1988).
Roller, David C. and Robert W. Twyman, eds., The Encyclopedia of Southern History (1979).
Wilson, Charles Reagan and William Ferris, eds., Encyclopedia of Southern Culture (1989).

Lecture I:  Introduction to the Old South

A. Topics:  Southern geography, climate, southern regions, tidewater, piedmont, black belt, spiritual South, U.B. Phillips thesis, W.J. Cash thesis, David Bertelson thesis, the people, indentured servants, redemptioners, Germans, Scotch-Irish, Welsh, Scotch Highlanders, slavery, slave trade.

B. Select Bibliography:
Bertelson, David. The Lazy South (1967).
Billington, Monroe Lee, ed.  The South: A Central Theme? (1969)
Boles, John B., et al. Interpreting Southern History: Essay in Historiography... (1987).
Cash, J.W. Mind of the South (1941).
Curtain, Philip D. The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census (1969).
Donnan, Elizabeth. Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America
    (1930-35).
Eaton, Clement. The Mind of the Old South (1964).
Frederickson, George. The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American
    Character and Destiny, 1817-1914 (1971).
Jordan, Winthrop W. White Over Black (1968).
Klein, Herbert S. The Middle Passage: Comparative Studies in the Atlantic Slave Trade
    (1978).
Morrison, Joseph L. W. J. Cash, Southern Prophet: A Biography and Reader (1967).
Phillips, U.B. "The Central Theme of Southern History." American Historical Review 34 (1928):
    30-43.
Rawley, James A. The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History (1981).
Roper, John Herbert.  U. B. Phillips:  A Southern Mind (1984).
Smith, John David. "Ulrich Bonnell Phillips' Plantation and Frontier: The Historian as Documentary Editor. The Georgia Historical Quarterly 77 (1993): 123-43.
Thomas, Hugh. The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440-1870 (1997).
Woodward, C. Vann. The Burden of Southern History (1960).

Lecture II:  Seeds of Separatism

A. Topics:  Tidewater vs. Backcountry, sectionalism, the Revolution, Loyalists, Patriots, War in the South, state constitutions, social changes, Articles of Confederation, weaknesses of Articles of Confederation, Constitution, major issues, Richard Hildreath, George Bancroft, Charles A. Beard, ratification, Federalists, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Essays on the Bank, Alien & Sedition Acts, Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions.

B. Select Bibliography:
Alden, John R. The First South (1961).
Alden, John R. The South in the American Revolution (1957)
Banning, Lance. The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology (1978).
Beard, Charles A. Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy (1915).
Breen, T.H., ed. Shaping Southern Society:  The Colonial Experience (1976).
Shalhope, Robert E. John Taylor of Caroline: Pastoral Republican (1980)
Simkins, Francis Butler.  "The south," in Merrill Jensen, ed., Regionalism in America (1951).

Lecture III:  The Southern Mind and Culture in 1800:  A Panoramic View

A. Topics:  the tidewater aristocracy, the aristocratic code, European mindedness, education, William & Mary, architecture, William Byrd, Thomas Jefferson, fine arts, literature, theater, philosophy, religion, slavery & emancipation, John Randolph of Roanoke, John Taylor of Caroline, Spencer Roane.

B. Select Bibliography:
Bruce, Dickson D., Jr. Violence and Culture in the Antebellum South (1979).
Collins, Bruce. White Society in the Antebellum South (1985)
Couch, W.T., ed., Culture in the South (1935)
Dormon, James H., Jr. Theater in the Ante-Bellum South, 1815-1861 (1967).
Hill, C. William, Jr. The Political Theory of John Taylor of Caroline (1977)
Hamlin, T.F. Greek Revival Architecture in America (1944).
Hundley, D.R. Social Relations in Our Southern States (1860).
McColley, Robert. Slavery and Jeffersonial Virginia (1973).
McLaughlin.  Jefferson and Monticello: The Biography of a Builder (1988).
Mumford, Lewis. The South in Architecture (1941;reprint 1967).
Shalhope, Robert E. John Taylor of Caroline: Pastoral Republican (1980).
Williams, Jack K. Dueling in the Old South (1980).
Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. Southern Honor (New York, 1982).
Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. Yankee Saints and Southern Sinners (1985).

Lecture IV:  The Eve of Sectionalism:  Southerners as Nationalists

A. Topics:  Hartford Convention, Jeffersonian Republicans, nationalism, Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster, the economic boom, Second National Bank, Tariff of 1816, Internal Improvements, bonus bill.

B. Select Bibliography:
Banning, Lance. The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a party Ideology (1978).
Cunningham, Nobel E., Jr. In Pursuit of Reason: The Life of Thomas Jefferson (1987).
Dangerfield, George. Era of Good Feeling (1952).
Peterson, Merrill D. The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (1987).
Peterson, Merrill D. Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation:  A Biography (1970).
Remini, Robert V. Henry Clay (1992).
Remini, Robert V. Andrew Jackson (3 vols., 1977-1984).
Wills, Garry. "Negro President": Jefferson and the Slave Power (2003).
Wiltse, Charles M. John C. Calhoun (3 vols., 1944-1951).

Lecture V:  The Return to Sectionalism

A. Topics:  Missouri statehood issue, James Tallmadge, economic & political issues, the congressional debates, the first Compromise of 1820, the second Compromise of 1820, the Tariff of 1820, the Panic of 1819.

B. Select Bibliography:
Fehrenbacher, Don E. The South and Three Sectional Crises (1980).
Hawk, E.Q. The economic History of the South (1934).
Moore, Glover. The Missouri Controversy, 1819-1821 (1953).
Shoemaker, Floyd C. Missouri's Struggle for Statehood (1969).

Lecture VI:  The Sections Emerge

A. Topics:  W. H. Crawford, J.Q. Adams, J.C. Calhoun, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, Election of 1824, "Corrupt Bargain," Adams' Administration, rise of democracy, new type politician, rise of southern nationalism, slavery issue, Panama Congress, Internal Improvements, Georgia vs. the Indians (Native American), Tariff of 1827, Tariff of Abominations (1828), Daniel Webster, southern reaction to Tariff of 1828, SC Exposition and Protest.

B. Select Bibliography:
Baxter, Maurice G. Henry Clay and the American System (1995).
Ellis, Richard E. The Union at risk: Jacksonian Democracy, States' Rights, and the
    Nullification Crisis (1987).
Freehling, William W. Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Crisis in South Carolina,
    1816-1836 (1966).
Peterson, Merrill D. Olive Branch and Sword: The Compromise of 1833 (1982).
Remini, Robert V. The Legacy of andrew Jackson: Essays on Democracy, Indian Removal,
    and Slavery (1988).
Satz, Ronald N. American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era (1975).
Sydnor, Charles S. The Development of Southern Sectionalism, 1819-1848 (1948).

Lecture VII:  Calhoun vs. Jackson

A. Topics: Evolution of political parties, William B. Lewis, Amos Kendall, Major John Eaton, Jackson's deals, Election of 1828, confusing aspects & themes of Jackson's Administration, The Inauguration, Jackson's Cabinet, "kitchen Cabinet," Spoils System, Maysville Road Veto, the beginning of the Bank controversy, Nicholas Biddle, Election of 1832, Anti-Mason Party, conclusion of Bank War, Three-section politics, Jackson and Native Americans, Jackson Vs. Calhoun, Petticoat Affair, Jackson's invasion of Florida, Webster-Hayne Debates, Jefferson Day Dinner, Tariff of 1832, Nullification, George McDuffie, SC Nullification Convention, Compromise Tariff of 1833, the Force Bill, Texas Question, Rise of Abolitionism, William Lloyd Garrison & the Liberator, American Antislavery Society, Theodore Dwight Weld, the mail and right of petition controversies, James H. Hammond, Francis W. Pickens.

B. Select Bibliography
Cooper, William. The South and the Politics of Slavery, 1828-1856 (1978).
Ellis, Richard E. The Union at Risk:  Jacksonian Democracy, States' Rights, and the
    Nullification Crisis (1987).
McCardell, John. The Idea of a Southern Nation:  Southern Nationalists and Southern
    Nationalism, 1830-1860 (1979)
McCash, William B. Thomas R.R. Cobb (1823-1862):  The Making of a Southern Nationalist
    (1983).
Mitchell, Betty. Edmund Ruffin:  A Biography (1981).
Thornton, J. Mills III. Politics and Power in a Slave Society:  Alabama, 1800-1860 (1978).

Lecture VIII:  The Planters' World

A. Topics:  The plantation, the planter, planters of legend, Creole planter, upland cotton planter, "Cotton Snobs," Nashville & Lexington planters, Miss. Valley planters, W.J. Cash's planter, number of planters, planter's domination, the professions, arts & letters, Law & Medicine, cult of chivalry, southern women, dueling, martial spirit, John Hope Franklin, characteristics of planter.

B. Select Bibliography:
Brugger, Robert J. Beverley Tucker:  Heart over Head in the Old South (1978).
Dodd, William E. The Cotton Kingdom (1921)
Eaton, Clement. The Growth of Southern Civilization, 1790-1860 (1961).
Eaton, Clement. The Mind of the Old South (1967).
Franklin, John Hope. The Militant South 1800-1860 (1956).
Gaines, Francis Pendleton, The Southern Plantation (1925).
Gerdts, William H. and Theodore E. Stebbins, Jr. "A Man of Genius":  The Art of Washington
    Allston (1779-1843) (1979).
Gillespie, Neal C. The Collapse of Orthodoxy:  The Intellectual Ordeal of George Frederick
    Holmes (1972).
Greenburg, Kenneth S. Masters and Statesmen:  The Political Culture of American Slavery
    (1985).
Land, Aubrey C. Basis of Plantation Society (1969).
McLean, Robin Colin. George Tucker:  Moral Philosopher and Man of Letters (1961).
McMillen, Sally G. Motherhood in the Old South: Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Infant Rearing ( 1990).
Menn, Joseph K. The Large Slaveholders of Louisiana (1964).
Mitchell, Betty L. Edmund ruffin: A Biography (1981).
Moore, John Hebron. The Emergence of the Cotton Kingdom in the Old Southwest: Mississippi, 1770-1860 (1988).
O'Brien, Michael. A Character of Hugh Legaré (1985).
O'Brien, Michael, ed. All Clever Men, Who Make Their Way:  Critical Discourse in the Old
    South (1982).
Osterweis, Rollin G. Romanticism and Nationalism in the Old South (1949).
Scarborough, William K. The Overseer: Plantation Management in the Old South (1966).
Shug, Roger W. Origins of Class Struggle in Louisiana (1939)
Stowe, Steven M. Intimacy and Power in the Old South:  Ritual in the Lives of the Planters
    (1987).
Taylor, William R. Cavalier and Yankee:  The Old South and American National Character
    (1961).
Wood, Kristen E. Masterful Women: Slaveholding Widows from the American Revolution through the Civil War  (2004).
Wright, Gavin. The Political Economy of the Cotton South:  Households, Markets, and Wealth
    in the Nineteenth Century (1978).

Lecture IX:  The Non-Plantation White Southerner

A. Topics:  Size of middle class, large farmers, absentee planters, factors, country store merchants, businessmen, yeoman farmers, U.B. Phillips, L.C. Gray, Vanderbilt School, Gavin Wright, Randolph B. Campbell, Fabian Lindman, Richard G. Lowe, UNC School, white artisans, factory workers, poor whites, Erskine Caldwell, mountaineers, Fletcher Green, "Democracy in the Old South," Grady McWhiney, David M. Potter, political reforms in the Old South (Revolution, Jefferson, Jackson), Virginia Constitutional Convention, democratic reforms in the 1850s, weaknesses in Old South democracy, reasons for planter domination.

B. Select Bibliography:
Ayers, Edward L. Vengeance and Justice: Crime and Punishment in the 19th-Century
    American South (1984).

Bolton, Charles. Poor Whites of the Antebellum South. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1994.
Cecil-Fronsman, Bill. Common whites : Class and Culture in Antebellum North Carolina
    (1992).
Clark, Blanche Henry. Tennessee Yeoman, 1840-1860 (1942).
Freehling, Alison Goodyear. Drift toward Dissolution:  The Virginia Slavery Debate of
    1831-1832 (1982).
Green, Fletcher. Constitutional Development in the South Atlantic States, 1776-1860 (1930).
Hilliard, Sam Bowers. Hog Meat and Hoecake: Food Supply in the Old South, 1840-1860
    (1972).
Lowe, Richard G. and Randolph B. Campbell. Planters and Plain Folk (1987).
McMillen, Sally G. Motherhood in the Old South: Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Infant Rearing
    (1990).
Owsley, Frank L. Plain Folk of the Old South (1950).
Troutman, Richard L., ed. The Heavens are Weeping: The Diaries of George Richard Browder,
    1852-1886 (1987)
Weaver, Herbert. Mississippi Farmers, 1850-1860 (1945).
Wiley, Bell I. Plain People of the Confederacy (1943).

Lecture X:  The Peculiar Institution

A. Topics:  Short staple cotton, Whitney's cotton gin, upland cotton, sugar plantations, types of slave labor, Charles Joyner, types of slave hiring, evaluation of slave labor, slave living conditions:  housing, diet, clothing, health care, the slave family, the slave trade, slave regulation, treatment and punishment of slaves, slave resistance, Stono Rebellion, Gabriel Prosser Rebellion, Denmark Vesey Plot, Nat Turner Revolt, underground railroad, free blacks, William Johnson.

B. Select Bibliography:
Berlin, Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America
    (1998).
Blassingame, John W. The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South (1972).
Breeden, James O., ed. Advice Among Masters: The Ideal in Slave Management in the Old
    South (1980).
Boles, John B. Black Southerners, 1619-1869 (1983).
Camp, Stephanie M.H. Closer to Freedom: Enslaved Women and Everyday Resistance in the Plantation South (2004).
Davis, Edwin A. and William R. Hogan, Barber of Natchez (1954).
Egerton, Doutlas R. He Shall Go Out Free: The Lives of Denmark Vesey (1999).
Fogel, Robert W. and Stanley Engerman, Time on the Cross (2 vols., 1974).
Gara, Larry. The Liberty Line:  The Legend of the Underground Railroad (1961).
Genovese, Eugene D. From Rebellion to Revolution:  Afro-American Slave Revolts in the
    Making of the Modern World (1979).
Genovese, Eugene D. Roll, Jordan, Roll (1972)
Gomez, Michael A. Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African
    Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South (1998).
Gray, L.C. History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860 (2 vols., 1933).
Hinks, Peter P. To Awaken My Afflicted Brethren : David Walker and the Problem of
Antebellum Slave Resistance (1997).
Jackson, Andrew B. Narrative and Writings (1847).
Joyner, Charles W. Down By the Riverside: A South Carolina Slave Community (1984).
Koger, Larry. Black Slaveowners: Free Black Slave Masters in South Carolina, 1790-1860
    (1985).
Malcomson, Scott L. One Drop of Blood: The American Misadventure of Race (2000).
Morgan, Philip D. Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake
    & Lowcountry (1998).
Phillips, U.B. Life and Labor in the Old South (1929).
Phillips, U.B. American Negro Slavery (1918).
Raboteau, Albert J. Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South
    (1978).
Robertson, David. Denmark Vesey (1999).
Savitt, Todd. Medicine and Slavery:  the Diseases and Health Care of Blacks in Antebellum
    Virginia (1978).
Starobin, Robert S. Industrial Slavery in the Old South (1970).
Still, William. The Underground Rail Road (1872).
Tadman, Michael. Speculators and Slaves (1989).
Wade, Richard C. Slavery in the Cities: The South 1820-1860 (1964).

Lecture XI:  Blacks and Slavery in Southern Thought and Life

A. Topics:  Quakers, antislavery societies, Elihu Embree, Benjamin Lundy, American Colonization Society, Liberia, African Repository, George Tucker, Edmund Ruffin, Robert Barnwell Rhett, William J. Grayson,  Josiah Nott, George Fitzhugh, James H. Hammond, William Lloyd Garrison, Robert J. Turnbull, George McDuffie, John C. Calhoun, Jesse Burton Harrison, Daniel R. Goodloe, Henry Ruffner, John Hampden Pleasants, Cassius M. Clay, Hinton Rowan Helper, Benjamin S. Hedrick, Thomas R. Dew, Count J.A. Gobineau.

B. Select Bibliography:
Beyan, Amos J. The American Colonization Society and the Creation of the Liberian State: A
    Historical Perspective 1822-1900 (1991).
Billington, Ray A. The Protestant Crusade, 1800-1860 (1938).
Carpenter, J.T. The South As A Conscious Minority (1930).
Dew, Thomas R. Review of the Debates (1832).
Faust, Drew Gilpin. A Sacred Circle:  The Dilemma of the Intellectual in the Old South,
    1840-1860 (1977).
Faust, Drew Gilpin. James Henry Hammond and the Old South:  A Design for Mastery (1982).
Fitzhugh, George. Cannibals All (1857).
Fitzhugh, George. Sociology for the South (1854).
Genovese, Eugene D. "Slavery, Economic Development, and the Law:  The Dilemma of Southern Political Economists, 1800-1860."  Washington and Lee Law Review 41 (Winter 1984): 1-29.
Gobineau, Joseph A. Essay on the Inequality of Human Races (1855).
Hartz, Louis. The Liberal Tradition in America (1955).
Kaufman, Allen. Capitalism, Slavery, and Republican Values:  Antebellum Political
    Economists, 1819-1848 (1982).
Mayer, Henry. All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery (1998).
Miller, John Chester. Wolf by the Ears: Thomas Jefferson and Slavery (1977).
Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery, American Freeedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (1975).
Nott, Josiah and George R. Gliddon, The Types of Mankind (1854).
Shore, Laurence. Southern Capitalists:  The Ideological Leadership of an Elite, 1832-1885
    (1986).
Stephens, Lester D. Joseph LeConte:  Gentle Prophet of Evolution (1982).
Tucker, George. The Laws of Wages, Profits, and Rents (1837).
Walker, David. Walker's Appeal (1829).
Wiley, Bell I. Letters from Liberia (1980).
Wish, Harvey. George Fitzhugh, Propagandist of the Old South (1943).
Wright, Gavin. The Political Economy of the Cotton South:  Households, Markets, and
    Wealth in the Nineteenth Century (1978).

Lecture XII:  Religion and Philosophy in the Old South

A. Topics:  Episcopal Church, Joseph Priestly, Harry Toulmin, Thomas Cooper, Horace Holley, Unitarianism, revivals, militant protestantism, religion & sectionalism, fundamentalism, black religion

B. Select Bibliography:
Boles, John B. The Great Revival, 1787-1805: The Origins of the Southern Evangelical Mind
    (1972).
Boles, John B., ed. Masters & Slaves in the House of the Lord: Race and Religion in the
    American South, 1740-1870 (1988).
Bruce, Dickson D. And They All Sang Hallelujah: Plain-Folk Camp Meeting Religion,
    1800-1845 (1974).
Farmer, James Oscar, Jr. The Metaphysical Confederacy:  James Henly Thornwell and the
    Synthesis of Southern Values (1986).
Genovese, Eugene D. "Slavery Ordained of God":  The Southern Slaveholders' View of
    Biblical History and Modern Politics (1985).
Haygood, Tamara M. Henry William Ravenel, 1814-1887: South Carolina Scientist in the
    Civil War Era (1987)
Holifield, E. Brooks. The Gentlemen Theologians:  American Theology in Southern Culture,
    1795-1860 (1978).
Horsman, Reginald.  Josiah Nott of Mobile: Southerner, Physician and Racial Theorist (1987).
Luker, Ralph E. A Southern Tradition in Theology and Social Criticism, 1830-1930 (1984).
Macaulay, John A. Unitarianism in the Antebellum South: The Other Invisible Institution (2001).
Mathews, Donald G. Religion in the Old South (1977).
Snay, Mitchell. Gospel of Disunion: Religion and Separatism in the Antebellum South (1997).

Lecture XIII:  Southern Literature

A. Topics:  Essays, Oratory, Newspapers, Magazines, William Gilmore Simms, Hugh Swinton Legaré, J.D.B. DeBow, John Pendleton Kennedy, William A. Caruthers, Augustus Baldwin Longstreet, Joseph G. Baldwin, Johnson Jones Hooper, Richard Henry Wilde, Edgar Allan Poe, Henry Timrod and Paul Hamilton Hayne.

B. Select bibliography:
Faust, Drew Gilpin. A Sacred Circle: The Dilemma of the Intellectual in the Old South,
    1840-1860 (1977).
Holman, C. Hugh. The Roots of Southern Writing:  Essays on the Literature of the American
    South (1972).
Hubbell, Jay. B. The South in American Literature, 1607-1900 (1954).
Rubin, Louis D., Jr. The Writer in the South:  Studies in a Literary Community (1972).
Rubin, Louis D., Jr. The Edge of the Swamp: A Study in the Literature and Society of the Old South (1989).
Trent, William P. William Gilmore Simms (1892).
Wimsatt, Mary Ann, The Major Fiction of William Gilmore Simms (1989).

Lecture XIV:  Southern Politics, 1836-1848

A. Topics:  Distribution & Surplus, Elec. 1836, Whig Party, Panic of 1837, Elec. 1840, Two-party South, Clay & Tyler, Joshua Giddings, J.Q. Adams, Texas, Elec. 1844, James K. Polk, Manifest Destiny, Wilmot Proviso.

B. Select Bibliography:
Bauer, K. Jack. The Mexican War, 1846-1848 (1985).
Brown, Charles A. Agents of Manifest Destiny: The Lives and Times of the Fillibusters (1980).
Dusinberre, William. Slavemaster President: The Double Career of James Polk (2003).
Morrison, Chaplain W. Democratic Politics and Sectionalism: The Wilmot Proviso
    Controversy (1967).
Morrison, Michael A. Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War
    (1997).
Remini, Robert V. Henry Clay (1992).
Smith, Elbert B. The Presidencies of Zachery Taylor & Millard Fillmore (1988).

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John Brown, 1800-1859
Madman or Martyr

"I John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty, land: will never be purged away; but with Blood." December 2, 1859.

A. Topics:  Stephen Douglas, the territories, Elec. 1848, North-South issues, Taylor's Adm., Compromise of 1850, Clay, Calhoun, Webster, Wm. H. Seward, Jeff. Davis, Elec. 1852, Fire-eaters, Abolitionists, Kansas-Nebraska Bill, Republican Party, Contest for Kansas, Elec. 1856, Buchanan's Adm., Road to Civil War.

B. Select Bibliography:
Channing, Steven A. Crisis of Fear: Secession in South Carolina (1970).
Eaton, Clement, Freedom-of-Thought Struggle in the Old South (1964).
Edmunds, John B., Jr. Francis W. Pickens and the Politics of Destruction (1986).
Holt, Michael. The Political Crisis of the 1850s (1978).
Johannsen, Robert W. Stephen A. Douglas (1973).
McWhiney, Grady. Southerners and Other Americans (1973).
Potter, David M. The Impending Crisis, 1848-1861 (1976).
Potter, David M. The South and the Sectional Conflict (1968).
Rawley, James A. Race and Politics: "Bleeding Kansas" and the Coming of the Civil War
    (1969).
Stampp, Kenneth M. America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink (1990).
Stampp, Kenneth M. Imperiled Union (1990).
Walther, Eric H. The Fire-Eaters (1992).
Wolff, Gerald W. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill: Party, Section, and the Coming of the Civil War
    (1977).

Edund Ruffin 1794-1865
Fire-eater and agricultural reformer.  Southerners rejected his sensible ideas regarding soil conservation while embracing his militant call for disunion.  Tradition has it that Ruffin fired the first shot at Fort Sumter, beginning the Civil War.  It's not true, but ought to  be!  Proclaiming "I cannot survive my country's liberty," Ruffin placed a gun to his head in 1865 and blew his brains out rather than submit to a northern victory.

A. Topics: Southern hopes, Leadership, The Army, War & Invasion, The Home Front, Blacks, The End.

B. Select Bibliography:
Beringer, Richard E., Herman Hattaway, Archer Jones and William N. Still, Jr. Why the South
    Lost the Civil War (1986).
Campbell, Edward D.C. The Celluloid South: Hollywood and the Southern Myth (1981).
Escott, Paul D. After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism
    (1978).
Faust, Drew Gilpin. The Creation of Confederate Nationalism: Ideology and Identity in the
    Civil War South (1988).
Massey, Mary Elizabeth. Ersatz in the Confederacy (1952).
Rable, George. Civil Wars: Women and the Crisis of Southern Nationalism (1989).
Roland, Charles P. The Confederacy (1960).
Schott, Thomas E. Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography (1988).
Thomas, Emory. The Confederate Nation, 1861-1865 (1979).
Vandiver, Frank E. Their Tattered Flags: The Epic of the Confederacy (1970).
Wilson, Charles Reagan. Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865-1920
    (1980).

John C. Calhoun Grave, Charleston, S.C.

Someone was supposed to have remarked at war's end: "The real monument to Calhoun was not the marble shaft erected to his memory in St. Phillip's churchyard, but the graves of the young men of the South ruined by the Civil War."