Marion B. Lucas, Professor Emeritus
Department of History
Office CH 224-B
Office Ph.  (270) 745-5736
Office Fax (270) 745-2950
e-mail: marion.lucas@wku.edu
Home Ph. (270) 843-8580
WKU History Department Home Page

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CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION

 

History 443                                        CLASS INSTRUCTIONS                                Fall 2012

 

M. B. Lucas                            Office:  CH 224-B                     Office Phone: (270) 745-5736

e-mail: marion.lucas@wku.edu     Web Page:    http://people.wku.edu/marion.lucas/

 

Text:  James M. McPherson, Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction. 4^th ed., New York: McGraw Hill, 2009.

 

Hour Tests:  Midterm and Final.  Each test is worth 40% of your grade.  The tests come from the lectures.

 

Parallel Reading: Select your outside reading from books in the Helm-Cravens Library, Kentucky Library, other libraries available to you, or purchase online. Do not select textbooks, picture books, or books published by non-scholarly presses as part of your outside reading such as Time-Life Books, Encyclopedias, Heritage Presses, Pelican Press, etc.). The bibliography (see my web site & the bibliography in Ordeal By Fire) for many of the latest books. You should read recently published books (past 20 years if possible). Read a total of 1,000 pages from 10 books, (about 100 pages from each book, some perhaps more than 100 pages, others perhaps less, and three (3) articles in reputable history journals (Civil War History; Journal of Southern History; American Historical Review, Journal of the Civil War Era, Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, Ohio Valley History, Filson Historical Review, etc.).  You must write on each 100 pages you read and on each article a 1-page analysis of 250 to 300 words. Cite the books and articles you read at the beginning of the essay. Footnote only quotations (which should be minimal) from the book or article.  See my web site for the proper footnote style for history papers. The parallel reading assignment is 10% of your grade.

 

RESEARCH PAPER: Write a 10 page research paper using the Southern Plantations and Civil War Microfilm Collection located in the Kentucky Library Reading Room. The research paper is 10% of your grade. To be discussed in class.

 

Please review university regulations with regulations with regard to plagiarism. You are expected to be on your honor regarding all work.

 

 

CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION

 

History 443-Graduate                           CLASS INSTRUCTIONS                                   Fall 2012    

M. B. Lucas          Office:  CH 224-B                                       Office Phone: (270) 745-5736

e-mail: marion.lucas@wku.edu              http://people.wku.edu/marion.lucas/

 

Text:  James M. McPherson, Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction. 4^th ed., New York: McGraw Hill, 2009.

 

Hour Tests:  Midterm and Final.  Each test is worth 40% of your grade.  The tests come from the lectures.

 

Parallel Reading: Select your outside reading from books in the Helm-Cravens Library, Kentucky Library, other libraries available to you, or purchase online. Do not select textbooks, picture books, or books published by non-scholarly presses as part of your outside reading such as Time-Life Books, Encyclopedias, Heritage Presses, Pelican Press, etc.). The bibliography (see my web site & the bibliography in Ordeal By Fire) for many of the latest books. You should read recently published books (past 20 years if possible). Read a total of 1,500 pages from 15 books, (about 100 pages from each book, some perhaps more than 100 pages, others perhaps less, and three (5) articles in reputable history journals (Civil War History; Journal of Southern History; American Historical Review, Journal of the Civil War Era, Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, Ohio Valley History, Filson Historical Review, etc.).  You must write on each 100 pages you read and on each article a 1-page analysis of 250 to 300 words. Cite the books and articles you read at the beginning of the essay. Footnote only quotations (which should be minimal) from the book or article.  See my web site for the proper footnote style for history papers. The parallel reading assignment is 10% of your grade.

 

RESEARCH PAPER: Write a 10 page research paper using the Southern Plantations and Civil War Microfilm Collection located in the Kentucky Library Reading Room. The research paper is 10% of your grade. To be discussed in class.

 

Please review university regulations with regulations with regard to plagiarism. You are expected to be on your honor regarding all work.

 

 

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U.S. Grant                                                                                                R.E.Lee

                                                       History 443: Select Civil War Articles

Alexander, Ted "'A Regular Slave Hunt': The Army of Northern Virginia and Black Civilians in the Gettysburg Campaign,"
        North & South 4 (2001): 82-89.
Andreasen, Bryon C. "Proscribed Preachers, New Churches: Civil Wars in the Illinois Protestant Churches during the Civil
        War." CWH 44 (1998): 194-211.
Becker, Carl. "Everyman His Own Historian." AHR 37 (1932): 221-36.
Beard, Charles A. "Written History as an Act of Faith." AHR 39 (1934):219-31.
Beard, Charles A. "That Noble Dream." AHR 41 (1935):
Carmichael, Peter S. "‘Oh, for the presence and inspiration of Old Jack': A Lost Cause Plea for Stonewall Jackson at
        Gettysburg." CWH 41 (1995): 161-67.
Craig, Berry F. "The Jackson Purchase Considers Secession: The 1861 Mayfield Convention." The Register of the Kentucky
        Historical Society 99 (2001): 339-62.
Dwyer, Christopher S. "Raiding Strategy: As Applied by the Western Confederate Cavalry in the American Civil War." The
        Journal of Military History 63 (999): 263-81.
Engle, Stephen D. "Don Carlos Buell: Military Philosophy and Command Problems in the West." CWH 41 (1995): 89-115.
Epperson, James F. "Lee's Slave-Makers," Civil War Times Illustrated 41 (2002): 44-49.
Fehrenbacher, Don E. "The Making of a Myth: Lincoln and the Vice-Presidential Nomination in 1864." CWH 41 (1995):
       273-90.
Fisher, Noel. "‘The Leniency Shown Them Has Been Unavailing': The Confederate Occupation of East Tennessee." CWH 40
        (1994): 275-91.
Foner, Eric. "The Causes of the American Civil War: Recent Interpretations and New Directions." CWH 20 (1974): 197-214.
Gallagher, Gary W. "An Old-Fashioned Soldier in a Modern War? Robert E. Lee as Confederate General." CWH 45 (1999):
        295-321.
Grimsley, Mark. "Conciliation and Its Failure, 1861-1862." CWH 39 (1993): 317-35.
Hattaway, Herman and Archer Jones, "Lincoln as Military Strategist." CWH 26 (1980): 293-303.
Huston, James L. "Southerners against Secession: The Arguments of the Constitutional Unionists in 1850-51." CWH 46
        (2000): 281-99.
Koerting, Gayla. "For Law and Order: Joseph Holt, the Civil War, and the Judge Advocate General's Department." The
        Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 97 (1999): 1-25.
Leonard, Elizabeth D. "Civil War Nurse, Civil War Nursing: Rebecca Usher of Maine." CWH 41 (1995): 190-207.
Lucas, Marion B. "Camp Nelson, Kentucky, During the Civil War: Cradle of Liberty or Refugee Death Camp?" The Filson
        Club History Quarterly 63 (1989): 439-52.
Lucas, Marion B. "John G. Fee, the Berea Exiles, and the 1862 Confederate Invasion of Kentucky." The Filson Historical
        Quarterly 75 (Spring 2001): 155-180.
Lucas, Scott J. "‘Indignities, Wrongs, and Outrages': Military and Guerrilla Incursions on Kentucky's Civil War Home Front."
        The Filson Club History Quarterly 73 (1999): 355-76.
MacDonnell, Francis. "The Confederate Spin on Winfield Scott and George Thomas." CWH 44 (1998): 255-66.
Miller, Edward A., Jr. "Garland H. White, Black Army Chaplain." CWH 43 (1997): 201-18.
Neely, Mark E., Jr., "Was the Civil War a Total War?" CWH 37 (1991): 27-28.
Ransom, Roger L. "Fact and Counterfact: The Second American Revolution." CWH 45 (1999): 28-60.
Roberts, William H. "‘The Name of Ericsson': Political Engineering in the Union Ironclad Program, 1861-1863." The Journal
        of Military History 63, (1999): 823-43.
Rowland, Thomas J. "In the Shadows of Grant and Sherman: George B. McClellan Revisited." CWH 40 (1994): 202-25.
Storey, Margaret M. "Civil War Unionists and the Political Culture of Loyalty in Alabama, 1860-1861." JSH 69 (2003):
        71-106.
Tap, Bruce. "‘These Devils are not fit to live on God's earth': War Crimes and the Committee on the Conduct of the War,
        1864-1865." CWH 42 (1996): 116-32.
Urwin, Gregory J.W. "‘We cannot treat negroes . . . as prisoners of war': Racial Atrocities and  Reprisals in Civil War
        Arkansas." CWH 42 (1996): 193-210.
Weitz, Mark A. "Drill, Training, and the Combat Performance of the Civil War Soldier: Dispelling the Myth of the Poor
        Soldier, Great Fighter." The Journal of Military History 62 (1998): 263-89.

Edund Ruffin 1794-1865 
 Fire-eater and agricultural reformer.  Southerners rejected his sensible ideas regarding soil conservation while embracing his militant call for disunion.  Tradition has it that Ruffin fired the first shot at Fort Sumter, beginning the Civil War.  It's not true, but ought to  be!  Proclaiming "I cannot survive my country's liberty," Ruffin placed a gun to his head in 1865 and blew his brains out rather than submit to a northern victory. 

    Language is essential, even vital for the study of history.  Purchase a good dictionary.  I recommend Webster's New World Dictionary (latest edition).  I also recommend that you purchase, and keep with you when studying or writing, Shirley M. Miller, comp., Webster's New World 33,000 Word Book (latest edition).  This book will give you the correct spelling and dividing of most-used words.  To improve your vocabulary, I recommend purchasing a vocabulary study book such as Norman Lewis, Word Power Made Easy (latest edition) or Wilfred Funk and Norman Lewis. 30 Days to a More Powerful Vocabulary (latest editon) and, of course, retain your English grammar book for reference.  Such works will enable you to improve your vocabulary significantly.  I suggest that you approach vocabulary study systematically.  Decide on a plan such as learning one new word a day, or perhaps more practically, three words a week.  Once you develop a plan which works for you, stick with it.
    One more tip.  Learn the key rules of grammar this semester.  Know the difference between plurals and possessives. Know what a comma splice [run-on or fused sentence] is.  Learn the proper use of the apostrophe.  And remember: commas and periods are always inside quotation marks, [," or ."] and colons and semicolons are always outside quotation marks ["; or ":].  Learn these simple rules and you will eliminate 90 percent of the most typical errors made in grammar.  One more suggestion.  Look up "topic sentence" in your grammar book and review the ideas suggested for writing them.

Capitalize: South when you write or talk about: the South; the Old South; Deep South (a place).
Use a small "s" when you say: go south (direction).
Capitalize: Civil War.
The correct use of the verb, to secede [often confused with other words such as succeed]: The South seceded from the Union; Kentucky's leaders concluded that seceding from the Union would be unwise; the secession of southern states began in South Carolina.

abated, abrogate, acrimonious, adamant, adulation, aegis, aesthetics, affable, affluent, aggregate, alleviation, amiable, ambiguous, ambivalent, amenable, amoral, amphibious, analogy, anonymity, antebellum, antediluvian, anti-clerical, antipathy, appeasement, articulate, assiduous, assuage, astute, austere, avarice, baroque, bellicose, blatantly, bombastic, bulwark, capitulate, capricious, caricature, cataclysmic, cause célèbre, cholera, clandestine, cogent, collaborate, complicity, conciliation, concordat, condoned, congenial, consternation, contiguous, convivial, coterie, coup d'état, covenant, credibility, crucible, dauphin, dearth, debacle, debilitated, debilitating, decorum, defame, deistic, delineate, demographic, derisively, détente, deterrent, devotion, didactic, diffidence, diffusion, dint, discursive, disparage, doggedly, dogmatism, dogmatist, doldrums, dole, dragoons, duplicity, egalitarian, egregious, electorate, elegy, elucidate, emanate, emancipate, empirical, emulators, enigmatic, enmity, entities, enunciated, epitomize, eschewed, estrangement, ethereal, ethics, euphemism, euphoria, exchequer, expropriation, extralegal, fait accompli, feints, fetters, flagrant, fledgling, flout, fluctuation, foment, freemason, galvanize, garner, hegemony, hierarchy, ideological, impecunious, imperious, impetuosity, impetus, impinged, inculcate, incumbent, indelible, indemnification, indemnity, indigenous, ineptitude, ineptitude, ineptitude, ineptly, inequities, inexorable, inextricably, inimical, innate, insidious, instigators, interregnum, intransigent, intrusion, intuition, irony, irrational, laissez faire, lucrative, ludicrous, machinations, maldistribution, melee, mercurial, metaphysics, meticulous, monograph, moot, mundane, neoabsolutism, nominal, oligarchy, opulent, oscillated, palatable, palpably, paradoxical, paternalism, patriarch, patronage, paucity, pecuniary, penchant, perfidy, perfunctory, prerogative, perquisite, philanderer, pietist, pilloried, pinnacle, plausible, plebiscite, pluralism, plurality, polemics, posthumous, postulate, preclude, preemptive, prerogative, prig, pristine, prodigy, profligate, promulgated, propound, protectorate, protracted, purveyor, putsch, quelling, rabid, rapprochement, rationality, recalcitrant, recapitulate, refractory, refractory, reminiscent, remunerate, residue, resilience, retrograde, reverberations, rigid, rudiments, sagacious, sectarian, secularism, seminal, servitude, sovereignty, spawned, spurn, status quo, sumptuary, superannuated, supranational, syllogisms, syndicates, synonymous, technocrats, tempering, temporize, tercentenary, titular, touchstone, transcendence, transcendental, trauma, traumatic, tremulous, truculent, tutelage, ubiquitous, ulterior, unabashed, unicameral, unpalatable, usurpation, vagrancy, veneer, verbiage, verve, vilify virile, vituperate, virulent, vociferous, volatile, waning, waxing, writ

 

Wade Hampton	States Rights Gist

I.  Bibliographies.

1. Freidel, et al., eds., Harvard Guide to American History (2 vols; 1973).
2. Library of Congress, Guide to the Study of the United States of America (1960).
3. American Historical Association, Guide to Historical Literature (1962).
4. U.S. Army, The Era of the Civil War-1820-1876. Special Bibliographic Series, No. 11.Carlisle
        Barracks, Pa.: U.S. Army Military History Institute, 1982.
5. Excellent bibliographies can be found in many current texts such as, James M. McPherson, J.G.
        Randall, David Donald, etc.

II.  Periodical Literature.
1. The American Historical Review.
2. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, renamed Journal of American History 1964.
3. The Journal of Southern History.
4. Civil War History.
5. The Filson Club History Quarterly.
6. The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society.
    These are the principal journals dealing with the material of this course, nos. 5 and 6 referring specifically to Kentucky.  You might also want to be familiar with the highly popular magazines such as Kentucke: The Magazine of Bluegrass State Heritage,Civil War Times Illustrated, Blue & Gray Magazine, and Civil War (magazine of CW society).

III.  Reference Aids.
1. Adams and Coleman, eds. Dictionary of American History (5 vols., 1940).
2. Johnson and Malone, eds. Dictionary of American Biography (20 vols., 1928-1937;
        Supplements 1-2, 1944-1958).
3. Morris and Commager. Encyclopedia of American History (1962)
4. Boatner. Civil War Dictionary (1959).
5. Warner. Generals in Blue (1954)
6. Warner. Generals in Gray (1964)
7. Spiller and Dawson, eds. Dictionary of American Military Biography (3 vols., 1984).
8. Roller and Twyman, eds. Encyclopedia of Southern History (1979).
9. Esposito, ed. The West Point Atlas of American Wars (2 vols., 1959).
10. Patricia L. Faust, ed., Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War (1986).
11. Wakelyn, Jon L.  Biographical Dictionary of the Confederacy (1977).
12. *Woodworth, Steven E., ed. The American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and
        Research (1996).
13. Eicher, David J. The Civil War in Books: An Analytical Bibliography (1996).
* A must buy for anyone interested in the Civil War.

IV. The Classics.
1. James Ford Rhodes, History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 (7 vols., 1893-1906).  He made the first attempt to write a thorough, complete history of the Civil War.  His accomplishment cannot be underestimated.  Until about 1950, anyone writing a general history of the Civil War was revising Rhodes in the light of later research. You need not read his work, but know who he is, as well as John Bach McMaster, Herman E. von Holst, E. P. Oberholtzer, et. al., the "national" historians who covered the material of the course.  Though their research is out of date, a student should have a nodding acquaintance with them.  One other classic falls in the same category.  You should have at least heard of Channing, History of the United States (6 vols., 1905-1925), which covers the period through the war.
2. Allan Nevins, in The Ordeal of the Union, (2 vols., 1947), The Emergence of Lincoln (2 vols., 1950), and War for the Union (4 vols., 1959-1971), attempted to restate Rhodes, but only reached 1865 before his death.  The first four volumes carry the story through Lincoln's inauguration.  The next four volumes cover the war.  Nevins' work is outstanding and should be consulted.
3. Be sure to look through the photographic accounts of the Civil War, such as: Miller, Francis T., ed. The Photographic History of the Civil War (10 vols., 1957; orig. pub. 1911); Milhollen, Hirst D. and Milton Kaplan, eds. (with a narrative by David Donald) Divided We Fought: A Pictorial History of the War 1861-1865 (1952); and Davis, William C. The Image of War, 1861-1865 (6 vols., 1981-1984).
4. The best one-volume history of the Civil War is James M. McPherson, Battle Cry Of Freedom:  The Civil War Era (1988); Robert Leckie, None Died in Vain:  The Saga of the American Civil War (1990) is also readable.
5. The best one-volume history of Reconstruction is Eric Foner, Reconstruction:  America's Unfinished Revolution 1863-1877 (1988).
6. Beard, Charles A. and Mary Beard, The Rise of American Civilization (4 vols., 1927-1942)
should be noted as the classical economic interpretation of the period.
7. Buel and Johnson, eds. Battles and Leaders (4 vols., 1887).

V. The Cooperatives.
1. Hart, ed. The American Nation (28 vols., 1904-1917).
2. Johnson, ed. The Chronicles of America (50 vols., 1918-1951).
3. Schlesinger and Fox, eds. A History of American Life (13 vols.,  1927-1948).
4. David, et. el. The Economic History of the United States (1945-).
5. Stephenson and Coulter, eds. History of the South (10 vols., 1947-1984).
6. Commager and Morris, eds. The New American Nation Series (1954-)

VI. Special Subjects
1. Cash, W.J. The Mind of the South (1941).
2. Gabriel, Ralph H. The Course of American Democratic Thought (1956).
3. Howard, John T. Our American Music (1965).
4. Kelly, Alfred H. and Winfred A. Harbison. The American Constitution: Its Origins and
       Development (1967).
5. Kirkland, Edward C. A History of American Economic Thought (1969).
6. Larkin, O.W.  Art and Life in America (1960).
7. Parrington, Vernon L. Main Currents in American Thought (3 vols., 1927-1930).
8. Perry, Lewis, Intellectual Life in America : A History (1984).
9. Persons, Stow. American Minds: A History of Ideas (1958).

VII. Select Classic Articles.
Adams, Henry. "The Great Secession Winter of 1860-1861." Mass. Hist. Soc. Proceedings 43
    (1909-1910): 660-87.
Becker, Carl. "Everyman His Own Historian." AHR 37 (1932): 221-36; Charles A. Beard, "Written History as an Act of Faith," AHR 39 (1934):219-31; Charles A. Beard, "That Noble Dream," AHR 41 (1935):.  These three articles should be read by every graduate student.
Bestor, Arthur. "The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis." AHR 69 (1964): 327-52.
Bonner, Thomas N. "Civil War Historians and the 'Needless War' Doctrine." MVHR (1954).
Brown, George W. "Trends Toward the Formation of A Southern Confederacy." JNH  18 (July
    1933): 256-81.
Cole, A.C. "The South and the Right of Secession in the Early Fifties." MVHR I (1914): 376-99.
Foner, Eric. "The Causes of the American Civil War: Recent Interpretations and New Directions."
    Civil War History 20 (1974): 197-214.
Hamilton, J.G. DeRoulhac. "Lincoln's Election as Immediate Menace to Slavery in the States?"AHR
    27 (1932): 700-711.
DuBois, W.E.B. "Reconstruction and Its Benefits." AHR 4 (1910): 781-799.
Hamilton, Holman. "Democratic Senate Leadership and the Compromise of 1850." MVHR 41
    (1954): 403-18.
Hartz, Louis Hartz, "The Reactionary Enlightenment," in The Liberal Tradition in American
    History (1955).
Hattaway, Herman and Archer Jones, "Lincoln as Military Strategist," Civil War History 26
    (1980): 293-303.
Johnson, Ludwell H. "Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis as War Presidents: Nothing Succeeds
    Like Success." Civil War History 27 (1981): 49-63.
Klingberg, Frank E. "James Buchanan and the Crisis of the Union." JSH 9 (1943): 455-74.
Owsley, Frank L. "The Fundamental Cause of the Civil War:  Egocentric Sectionalism." JSH 7
    (1941): 3-18.
Paludin, Philip S. "The American Civil War as a Crisis of Law and Order." AHR 77 (1972):
    1013-34.
Phillips, U.B. "The Central Theme of Southern History." AHR 34 (1928): 3-43.
Ramsdell, Charles W. "Lincoln and Fort Sumter." JSH 3 (1937): 259-88.
Ramsdell, Charles W. "The Natural Limits of Slavery Expansion." MVHR 16 (1929): 151-71.
Randall, James G. "The Blundering Generation." MVHR 27 (1949): 3-28.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., "The Causes of the Civil War:  A Note on Historical Sentimentalism."
    Partisan Review 16 (1949): 969-81.
Seller, Charles Grier, Jr., "The Travail of Slavery" in The Southerner as American (1960), C.G. Sellers, Jr., ed.
Stampp, Kenneth M. "The Irrepressible Conflict." in Stampp, The Imperiled Union (1980):
    191-245.
Vandiver, Frank. "The Confederacy and the American Tradition." JSH (1962): 277-86.

VIII. Important Historians
    You should at least have a nodding acquaintance with the ideas, interpretations, and books of the historians, old and new, great and small, who have concerned themselves with the Civil War.  Here are only a few: Dan T. Carter, A.O. Cravens, David Donald, Drew G. Faust, Don E. Fehrenbacher, Eric Foner, D.S. Freeman, Gary W. Gallagher, William E. Gienapp, Joseph T. Glatthaar, Mark Grimsley, Louis Hacker, W.B. Heseltine, Richard Hofstadter, Jacqueline Jones, Lloyd Lewis, James M. McPherson, Reid Mitchell, Phillip S. Paludan, Michael Perman, U.B. Phillips, David Potter, Charles Ramsdell, J. G. Randall, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., James Street, Frank Vandiver, Bell I. Wiley, Kenneth P. Williams, T.H. Williams, C. Vann Woodward, Steven E. Woodworth, Bertram Wyatt-Brown.
    And while you are at it, take a look at some of the traditional impressionistic works on the south:  Ben Robertson, Red Hills and Cotton; W.J. Cash, Mind of the South (1941); Johnathan Daniels, A Southerner Discovers the South (1938); Harry Ashmore, An Epitaph for Dixie; Melton A. McLaurin, Separate Pasts (1987), John Egerton, The Americanization of Dixie: the Southernization of America (1974).

IX. Civil War Links:
The American Civil War Homepage
H-Net: Humanities & Social Studies OnLine
H-CIVWAR Home Page
H-South: The History of the American South
John Brown and the Valley of the Shadow
The American Civil War, 1861-1865
Excerpts from Slave Narratives
The World Wide Web Virtual Library: History
Historical Text Archive
Social Sciences Virtual Library
History Links on the Internet
Voice of the Shuttle: History Page
History Resources on the Internet
US Civil War Information

The Book Review Tutor

American Historical Association
Organization of American Historians
Southern Historical Association

Gettysburg, July 1863

                                                                             Photograph by M.B. Lucas

Lecture Titles, Topics, Select Bibliography

I. The Failure of Finality.
A. Topics:  The U.S. in 1850, fire-eaters, northern farmers- laborers, immigration, homestead bill, northern manufacturers, the manufacturer's program and problems, abolition and anti-slavery movement, compromise of 1850, Fugitive Slave Law, Uncle Tom's Cabin, the pro-slavery argument, the northern political situation.
B. Select Bibliography.
Ashworth, John. Slavery, Capitalism and Politics in the Antebellum Republic, Vol. I, Commerce
    and Compromise, 1820-1850 (1995).
Baum, Dale. The Civil War Party System:  The Case of Massachusetts (1984).
Carpenter, J.T. The South As A Conscious Minority, 1789-1861 (1930).

Carwardine, Richard. Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America (1993 ).
Cole, A.C. The Irrepressible Conflict, 1850-1865 (1934).
Cooper, William J., Jr. The South and the Politics of Slavery, 1828-1856 (1978).
Craven, Avery O. The Growth of Southern Nationalism, 1848-1861 (1953).
Eaton, Clement. The Growth of Southern Civilization (1961).
Filler, Louis. The Crusade Against Slavery, 1830-1860 (1960).
Gara, Larry.  The Liberty Line:  The Legend of the Underground Railroad (1961).
Milton, George Fort. The Eve of Conflict:  Stephen Douglass and the Needless War (1934).
Perritt, Henry H. Robert Barnwell Rhett (1972).
Rozwenc, Edwin C., ed. The Causes of the American Civil War (1961).
Sewell, Richard H. Ballots for Freedom: Antislavery Politics in the United States, 1837-1860
    (1976).
Taylor, George R. The Transportation Revolution, 1815-1860 (1951).
Walther, Eric. The Fire-Eaters (1992).
White, Laura. Robert Barnwell Rhett (1931).
Woodward, C. Vann. The Burden of Southern History (1968).
Wright, Gavin. The Political Economy of the Cotton South (1978).

II.  Slavery Disrupts the Compromise.
A. Topics:  Franklin Pierce, Manifest Destiny, Pacific Railroad Project, Stephen A. Douglas, Kansas-Nebraska Bill and its effect.
B.  Select Bibliography.
Cole, A.C. The Whig Party in the South (1913).
Gara, Larry. The presidency of Franklin Pierce (1991).
Hammond, Bray. Banks and Politics in America to 1860 (1957).
Johanssen, Robert. Stephen A. Douglas (1973).
Merk, Frederick. Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History:  A Reinterpretation (1966).
Weinberg, A.K. Manifest Destiny (1958).

III. The Rise of the Republican Party:  The North Finds its Party.
A. Topics:  Sectional polarization, nativism and the Know Nothing Party, the collapse of Know-Nothingism, rise of the Republican Party, William H. Seward and his ideas, Congress 1854-1856.
B. Select Bibliography.
Anbinder, Tyler. Nativism and Slavery:  The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s (1992).
Billington, Ray A. The Protestant Crusade (1938).
Bilotta, James D. Race and the Rise of the Republican Party, 1848-1865 (1992).
Foner, Eric. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican party before the
    Civil War (1980).
Holt, Michael. The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (1999).
Mayer, George H. The Republican Party, 1854-1864 (1964).
Van Deusen, G.G. Horace Greeley (1953).
Van Deusen, G.G. William H. Seward (1967).

IV. Slavery in Kansas and Congress.
A. Topics:  Northern and Southern migration into Kansas, early government in Kansas, the Topeka government, Wakarusa War, sack of Lawrence, Sumner-Brooks affair, Pottawatomie Massacre, election of 1856, James Buchanan and his administration, Dred Scott Case, Panic of 1857, Lecompton Constitution, Congressional elections of 1858, the Lincoln-Douglas debates.
B. Select Bibliography.
Donald, David. Charles Sumner (2 vols., 1960-1970).
Fehrenbacher, Don E. The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics (1978).
Gienapp, William E. The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852-1856 (1987).
Goodrich, Thomas. War to the Knife: Bleeding Kansas, 1854-1861 (1998).
Heckman, Richard A. Lincoln vs. Douglas (1967).
Holt, Michael F. The Political Crisis of the 1950s (1978).
Malin, James C. John Brown and the Legend of 1856 (1942).
Morrison, Michael A. Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War
    (1997).
Oates, Stephen B. To Purge This Land With Blood (1970).

V. The Death Struggle of the Union.
A. Topics:  The new Congress, the speakership struggle, Hinton Rowan Helper and The Impending Crisis, the Davis-Douglas struggle, the Davis Resolutions, John Brown, Harper's Ferry, the Democratic convention, the Constitutional Union Party, the Baltimore convention, the Republican convention, the 1860 campaign and results.
B.  Select Bibliography.
Bradley, E.S. Simon Cameron:  Lincoln's Secretary of War (1966).
Cain, Marvin R. Lincoln's Attorney General:  Edward Bates of Missouri (1965).
Commager, H.S. Theodore Parker (1936).
Faust, Drew Gilpin. James Henry Hammond and the Old South (1982).
Furnas, J.C. The Road to Harper's Ferry (1959).
Hendrickson, James E. Joe Lane of Oregon:  Machine Politics and the Sectional Crisis, 1849-1861
    (1967).
Katz, Irving. August Belmont:  A Political Biography (1968).
Merritt, Elizabeth. James H. Hammond (1923).
Strode, Hudson, Jefferson Davis (3 vols., 1955-1964).
Thomas, Benjamin. Abraham Lincoln (1952).

 VI. Secession.
A. Topics:  Southern opinion of Lincoln, events in S.C., Buchanan's dilemma, attempts at compromise, Lincoln's role in compromise, S. C. secedes, Buchanan's actions, Crittenden Compromise, seizure of forts, Virginia Peace Conference, Montgomery convention, Lincoln's date with destiny, Lincoln's Cabinet, Fort Sumter.
B. Select Bibliography.
Barney, William L. The Secessionist Impulse: Alabama and Mississippi in 1860 (1974).
Channing, Steven A. Crisis of Fear: Secession in South Carolina (1970).
Craven, Avery O. Edmund Ruffin (1932).
Current, Richard N. Lincoln and the First Shot (1963).
Dew, Charles B. Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War (2001).
Garfinkle, Norton, ed. Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War (1959).
Gunderson, Robert G. The Old Gentlemen's Convention:  The Washington Peace Conference of
    1861 (1961).
Heck, Frank. "John C. Breckinridge in the Crisis of 1860-1861," JSH 21 (1955): 316-46.
Helper, Hinton R. The Impending Crisis of the South (1857).
Kirwan, A.D. John J. Crittenden:  The Struggle for the Union (1962).
Krug, Mark M. Lyman Trumbull, Conservative Radical (1965).
McCardell, John. The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism,
    1830-1860 (1979).
Montgomery, Horace. Howell Cobb's Confederate Career (1959).
Potter, David. Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis (1942).
Sinha, Manisha. The Counterrevolution of Slavery: Politics and Ideology in Antebellum South Carolina (2000)
Swanberg, W.A. First Blood (1957).
Thompson, William Y. Robert Toombs of Georgia (1966).
Tilley, John S. Lincoln Takes Command (1941).
Wooster, Ralph A. The Secession Conventions of the South (1962).

VII. The Field of Honor.
A. Topics:  The sections divide militarily, the Western Virginia Campaign, the Bull Run Campaign and battle, the two sides:  advantages and disadvantages, death in the Civil War, tactics, the rifle, cavalry, artillery, Jomini, organization of armies.
B. Select Bibliography.
Adams, George W. Doctors in Blue (1952).
Barton, Michael. Goodmen: The Character of Civil War Soldiers (1981).
Beringer, Richard E., and others, Why the South Lost the Civil War (1986).
Black, Robert C. III. The Railroads of the Confederacy (1952).
Bradley, Edwin S. Simon Cameron, Lincoln's Secretary of War (1966).
Bruce, Robert V. Lincoln and the Tools of War (1956).
Buel, Clarence C. and Johnson, Robert V., eds. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (4 vols.,
    1887).
Catton, Bruce. The Coming Fury (1963).
Catton, Bruce. Mr. Lincoln's Army (1951).
Cochran, Hamilton. Blockade Runners of the Confederacy (1958).
Connelly, Thomas L. and Archer Jones. The Politics of Command: Factions and Ideas in
    Confederate Strategy (1973).
Cunliffe, Marcus. Soldiers and Civilians:  The Martial Spirit in America, 1775-1865 (1968).
Cunningham, H.H. Doctors in Gray (1958).
Dalzell, George W. Flight from the Flag (1940).
Davis, William C. Battle at Bull Run (1977).
Dew, Charles B. Ironmaker of the Confederacy:  Joseph R. Anderson and the Tredegar Iron
    Works (1966).
Donald, David, et. al., eds. Divided We Faught:  A Pictorial History of the Civil War, 1861-1865
    (1953).
Durkin, Joseph T. Stephen R. Mallory (1954).
Edwards, William B. Civil War Guns (1962).
Fite, Emerson D. Social and Industrial Conditions in the North During the Civil War (1910).
Fox, William F. Regimental Losses in the American Civil War, 1861-1865 (1889).
Gosnell, H. Allen. Guns on Western Waters:  The Story of River Gunboats in the Civil War (1949).
Grimsley, Mark. The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy toward Southern Civilians,
    1861-1865 (1995).
Hagerman, Edward. The American Civil War and The Origins of Modern Warfare (1988).
Hattaway, Herman and Archer Jones, How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War
    (1983).
Haydon, F. Stansbury. Aeronautics in the Union and Confederate Armies (1941).
Jones, Archer. Civil War Command and Strategy (1992).
Jones, Virgil C. The Civil War at Sea (3 vols., 1960-1962).
Ketchum, Richard M., ed. The American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War (1960).
Leech, Margaret. Reveille in Washington (1941).
Linderman, Gerald. Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War
    (1987).
Livermore, Thomas L. Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861-1865 (1901).
Lord, Francis A. Civil War Collectors Encyclopedia (5 vols., 1963-89)
McPherson, James M. For Cause and Comrads: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (1997).
Merrill, James M. The Rebel Shore:  The Story of Union Sea Power in the Civil War (1957).
Millis, Walter. Arms and Men:  A Study in Military History (1956).
Naisawald, L. Van Loan. Grape and Canister:  The Field Artillery of the Army of the Potomac,
    1861-1865 (1960).
Owsley, Frank L. The C. S. S. Florida (1965).
Smith, Marritt. Harper's Ferry Armory and the New Technology:  the Challenge of Change (1977).
Summersell, Charles G. The Cruise of the C. S. S. Sumter (1965).
Turner, George E. Victory Rode the Rails (1953).
Vandiver, Frank E. Ploughshares into Swords:  Josiah Gorgas and Confederate Ordnance (1952).
Vandiver, Frank E. Rebel Brass:  The Confederate Command System (1956).
Watkins, Sam R. "Co. Aytch": A Side Show of the Big Show (1962; org. pub 1882).
Weber, Thomas. Northern Railroads in the Civil War (1952).
Weigley, Russell F. Quartermaster of the Union Army, Montgomery C. Meigs (1959).
Wiley, Bell I. The Life of Billy Yank (1952).
Wiley, Bell I. The Life of Johnny Reb (1943).
Williams, Francis L. Matthew Fountain Maury (1963).
Williams, Kenneth P. Lincoln Finds a General:  A Military Study of the Civil War (5 vols.,
    1949-1959).
Williams, T. Harry. Lincoln and His Generals (1952).

VIII. The War in the West in 1862.
A. Topics:  The Northern line, Henry W. Halleck, U.S. Grant, D. C. Buell, Andrew H. Foote, the Southern line, Albert Sidney Johnston, the river forts, Henry and Donelson, Pea Ridge, the war on the Mississippi, Shiloh and results, the naval war in 1862:  Monitor vs. Merrimac, the blockade, New Orleans.
B. Select Bibliography.
Ambrose, Stephen E. Halleck:  Lincoln's Chief of Staff (1962).
Castel, Albert. General Sterling Price and the Civil War in the West (1968).
Catton, Bruce. Grant Moves South (1960).
Catton, Bruce. U. S. Grant and the American Military Tradition (1954).
Cooling, B. Franklin. Fort Donelson's Legacy: War and Society in Kentucky and Tennessee,
    1862-1863 (1997).
Cooling, B. Franklin. Forts Henry and Donelson: The Key to the Confederate Heartland (1987).
Daniel, Larry J. Shiloh: The Battle that Changed the Civil War (1997).
Engle, Stephen D. The American Civil War: The War in the West 1861 - July 1863(2001).
Engle, Stephen D. Struggle for the Heartland: The Campaigns from Fort Henry to Corinth (2001).
Fellman, Michael. Citizen Sherman: A Life of William Tecumseh Sherman (1995).
Fellman, Michael. Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the American Civil War
    (1989).
Frank, Joseph A. Seeing the Elephant: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh (1989).
Gibson, Charles Dana and E. Kay Gibson. Assault and Logistics: Union Army Coastal and River
    Operations, 1861-1866 (1995).
Goodrich, Thomas. Black Flagg: Guerrilla Warfare on the Western Border, 1861-1865 (1995).
Grant, Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant (2 vols., 1885-1886).
Hamilton, James. The Battle of Fort Donelson (1968).
Hartje, Robert G. Van Dorn:  The Life and Times of a Confederate General (1967).
Hauptman, Laurence M. Between Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War (1995).
Hirshson, Stanley P. The White Tecumseh: A Biography of William T. Sherman (1997).
Lewis, Lloyd. Captain Sam Grant (1950).
Lucas, Marion B. A History of Blacks in Kentucky. Vol. 1: From Slavery to Segregation,
    1760-1891 (1992), Chpt. 7: "Kentucky Blacks in the Civil War."
Marszalek, John F. Sherman: A Soldier's Passion for Order (1993).
McFeely, William S. Grant:  A Biography (1981).
Noe, Kenneth W. and Shannon H. Wilson, eds. The Civil War in Appalachia (1997).
Roland, Charles P. Albert Sidney Johnston (1964).
Royster, Charles. The Destructive War: William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson, and the
    Americans (1991).
Stickles, Arndt M. Simon Bolivar Buckner (1940).
Woodworth, Steven. Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in
    the West (1990).

IX. Lee and Jackson in 1862.
A. Topics:  George B. McClellan, the Peninsula Campaign, the rise of Lee, Jackson's Valley Campaign, the Seven Days, Second Bull Run.
B. Select Bibliography.
Catton, Bruce. Mr. Lincoln's Army (1951).
Connelly, Thomas L. The Marble Man:  Robert E. Lee and His Image in American Society (1977).
Dowdey, Clifford. The Seven Days:  The Emergence of Lee (1964).
Freeman, Douglas S. Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command (3 vols., 1942-1944).
Freeman, Douglas S. R. E. Lee:  A Biography (4 vols., 1934-1935).
Freeman, Douglas S. and McWhiney, Grady, eds. Lee's Dispatches:  Unpublished Letters . . . to
    Davis . . . . (1957).
Furguson, Ernest B. Ashes of Glory: Richmond at War (1996).
Gallagher, Gary W., ed. Fighting Confederate: The personal Recollections of General Edward
    Porter Alexander (1989).
Gallagher, Gary W. Stephen Dodson Ramseur: Lee's Gallant General (1985).
Hassler, Warren W., Jr. Commanders of the Army of the Potomac (1962).
Hassler, Warren W., Jr. General George B. McClellan:  Shield of the Union (1957).
McClellan, George B. McClellan's Own Story (1887).
Nevins, Allan. Fremont, Pathmarker of the West (1955).
Robertson, James I. Stonewall Jackson (1997).
Royster, Charles. The Destructive War (1991).
Sears, Stephen W. George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon (1988).
Sears, Stephen W. To the Gates of Richmond: The peninsula Campaign (1992).
Symonds, Craig L. Joseph E. Johnston: A Civil War Biography (1992).
Tanner, Robert G. Stonewall in the Valley (1976).
Thomas, Benjamin P. and Harold Hyman. Stanton:  The Life and Times of Lincoln's Secretary of
    War (1962).
Thomas, Emory. Bold Dragoon: The Life of J.E.B. Stuart (1986).
Thomas, Emory. Robert E. Lee: A Biography (1995).
Vandiver, Frank E. Mighty Stonewall (1957).
Williams, T. Harry. McClellan, Sherman, and Grant (1962).

X. The Crisis of the Union.
A. Topics:  The deteriorating Union position in the summer of 1862, the invasion of Kentucky, Braxton Bragg, Kirby Smith, Lincoln's problems in the North, War Democrats, Loyal Opposition, growing Radicalism, Copperheadism, Lincoln and Slavery, desertion, bounties, the draft, blacks in the North.
B. Select Bibliography.
Connelly, Thomas L. Army of the Heartland:  The Army of Tennessee, 1861-1862 (1967).
Connelly, Thomas L. Autumn of Glory (1971).
Cornish, Dudley T. The Sable Arm:  Negro Troops in the Union Army, 1861-1865 (1956).
Crozier, Emmet. Yankee Reporters, 1861-65 (1974).
Current, Richard N. The Lincoln Nobody Knows (1958).
Engle, Stephen D. Don Carlos Buell: Most Promising of All (1999).
Fisher, Noel.  War at Every Door: Partisan Politics and Guerrilla Violence in East Tennessee,
    1860-1869 (1997).
Harrison, Lowell H. The Civil War in Kentucky (1975).
Frederickson, George M. The Inner Civil War (1965).
Glatthaar, Joseph T. Forged in Battle:  The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers
    (1990).
Hallock, Judith Lee. Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat. (Vol. 2, 1991).
Klement, Frank L. The Copperheads in the Civil War (1960).
Klement, Frank L. Dark Lanterns: Secret Political Societies, Conspiracies, and Treason in the Civil
    War (1984).
Linderman, Gerald F. Embattled Courage:  The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War
    (1987).
Lucas, Marion B. "Camp Nelson, Kentucky, During the Civil War:  Cradle of Liberty or Refugee
    Death Camp?"  The Filson Club History Quarterly 63 (Oct. 1989): 439-52.
Martin, Waldo E., Jr. The Mind of Frederick Douglass (1985).
McWhiney, Grady. Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat (Vol. 1, 1969).
Neely, Mark E., Jr. The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (1991).
Parks, Joseph H. General Edmund Kirby Smith (1954).
Quarles, Benjamin. Lincoln and the Negro (1962).
Randall, J.G. Lincoln the Liberal Statesman (1947).
Welcher, Frank J. The Union Army, 1861-1865: Organization and Operations: Vol. II: The
    Western Theater (1993).

XI. Civil War Diplomacy in the Crisis of the Union.
A. Topics:  Confederate diplomacy with England and France, the Trent Affair, the commerce destroyers.
B. Select Bibliography.
Bulloch, James D. The Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe (2 vols., 1884).
Crook, D.P. Diplomacy During the American Civil War (1975).
Cullop, Charles P. Confederate Propaganda in Europe, 1861-1865 (1969).
Hubbard, Charles C. The Burden of Confederate Diplomach (1998).
Owsley, Frank L. King Cotton Diplomacy (1931).
Owsley, Frank L. The C. S. S. Florida:  Her Building and Operations (1965).
Spencer, Warren F. The Confederate Navy in Europe (1983).
Winks, Robin. Canada and the United States:  The Civil War Years (1960).

XII. Antietam and Lincoln Save the Union.
A. Topics:  Effects of Second Bull Run, Antietam and results, the Emancipation Proclamation, the end of the invasion of Kentucky:  Perryville, northern Mississippi:  Iuka and Corinth, central Tennessee: Stone's River.
B. Select Bibliography.
Belz, Herman. A New Birth of Freedom: The Republican party and Freedmen's Rights, 1861-1866
    (1976).
Blight, David W. Frederick Douglass, Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (1989).
Cox, LaWanda. Lincoln and Black Freedom (1981).
Cozzens, Peter. The Battle of Stones River:  No Better Place To Die (1990).
Engle, Stephen D. Don Carlos Buell : Most Promising of All (1999).
Foner, Eric. Nothing but Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy (1983).
Franklin, John H. The Emancipation Proclamation (1963).
Gerteis, Louis S. From Contraband to Freedman: Federal Policy toward Southern Blacks,
    1861-1865 (1973).
Hafendorfer, Kenneth A. Perryville, Battle for Kentucky (2nd ed., rev.; 1992).
Hallock, Judith Lee. Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat (Vol. 2, 1991).
Jones, Archer. Confederate Strategy from Shiloh to Vicksburg (1961).
McDonough, James Lee. Stones River--Bloody Winter in Tennessee (1980).
Murfin, James V. The Gleam of Bayonets (1965).
Nieman, Donald G. To Set the Law in Motion: The Freedmen's Bureau and Legal Rights for Blacks,
    1865-1869 (1979).
Nolan, Alan T. The Iron Brigade (1961).
Sears, Stephen. Landscape Turned Red, the Battle of Antietam (1983).

XIII. Winter Failures and Summer Turning Points:  From Fredericksburg to Vicksburg.
A.  Topics:  The Fredericksburg Campaign, Ambrose E. Burnside, Chancellorsville, "Fighting Joe" Hooker, R.E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, the Gettysburg Campaign, John Buford, George G. Meade, Jeb Stuart, James "Pete" Longstreet, Vicksburg, U. S. Grant, William T. Sherman, John C. Pemberton.
B. Selected Bibliography.
Catton, Bruce. Gettysburg: The Final Fury (1974).
Catton, Bruce. Glory Road (1952).
Cleaves, Freeman. Meade of Gettysburg (1960).
Coddington, Edwin B. The Gettysburg Campaign (1968).
Conklin, E.R. The Women of Gettysburg (1993).
Cunningham, Edward. The Port Hudson Campaign, 1862-1863 (1963).
Downey, Fairfax. Clash of Cavalry:  The Battle of Brandy Station, June 9, 1863 (1959).
Gallagher, Gary W. The Third Day at Gettysburg and Beyond (1994).
Hassler, Warren W., Jr. Crisis at the Crossroads:  The First Day at Gettysburg (1970).
Hoehling, A.A. Vicksburg:  Forty-Seven Days of Siege (1969).
Matthews, Gary Robert. Basil Wilson Duke, CSA (2005).
Miers, E.S. Web of Victory:  Grant at Vicksburg (1955).
Osborne, Charles C. Jubal: The Life and Times of General Jubal A. Early, C.S.A., Defender of the
    Lost Cause (1992).
Pfanz, Harry W. Gettysburg--Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill (1993).
Pfanz, Harry W. Gettysburg: The Second Day (1987).
Piston, William Garrett. Lee's Tarnished Lieutenant: James Longstreet and His Place in Southern
    History (1987).
Robertson, James I. The Stonewall Brigade (1963).
Sears, Stephen W. Chancellorsville (1996).
Stewart, George R. Pickett's Charge (1959).
Tucker, Glenn. Lee and Longstreet at Gettysburg (1968).
Wheeler, Richard. The Siege of Vicksburg (1978).

XIV. The Southern Debacle.
A. Topics:  Jefferson Davis, State Rights, food, industry, finance, disloyalty, class strife, southern blacks, southern diplomacy.
B. Select Bibliography.
Ash, Stephen V. When the Yankees Came: Conflict and Chaos in the Occupied South (1995).
Ball, Douglas B. Financial Failure and Confederate Defeat (1991).
Barrett, James G. The Civil War in North Carolina (1953).
Beals, Carlton. War Within A War:  The Confederacy Against Itself (1965).
Escott, Paul. After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the failure of Southern Nationalism (1978).
Faust, Drew Gilpin. Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil
    War (1966).
Lonn, Ella. Salt as A Factor in the Confederacy (1933).
Massey, Mary E. Bonnet Brigades: American Women and the Civil War (1966).
Massey, Mary E. Ersatz in the Confederacy (1952).
Massey, Mary E. Refugee Life in the Confederacy (1964).
Muhlenfeld, Elisabeth. Mary Boykin Chesnut (1981).
Myers, Robert M., ed. The Children of Pride:  A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War (1972).
Neely, Mark, Jr. Southern Rights: Political Prisoners and the Myth of Confederate Constitutionalism (1999).
Owsley, Frank L. State Rights in the Confederacy (1925).
Rable, George C. Civil Wars: Women and the Crisis of Southern Nationalism (1989).
Rable, George C. The Confederate Republic: A Revolution against Politics (1994).
Rogers, William Warren. Confederate Home Front: Montgomery During the Civil War (1999).
Scarborough, Ruth. Belle Boyd: Siren of the South (1983).
Symonds, Craig L. Stonewall of the West: Patrick Cleburne and the Civil War (1997).
Thomas, Emory M. The Confederacy as a Revolutionary Experiment (1970).
Thomas, Emory M. The Confederate Nation, 1861-1865 (1979).
Vandiver, Frank. Their Tattered Flags (1970).
White, Christine Schultz and Benton R. White. Now the Wolf Has Come: The Creek Nation in the
    Civil War (1996).
Whites, Lee Ann The Civil War As a Crisis of Gender: Augusta, Georgia, 1860-1890 (1995).
Wiley, Bell I. The Plain People of the Confederacy (1943).
Wiley, Bell I. The Road to Appomattox (1956).
Woodward, C. Vann. Mary Chesnut's Civil War (1981).
Woodworth, Steven E. Davis and Lee at War (1995).
Yearns, Wilfred B. The Confederate Congress (1960).

XV.  The Rise of Northern Fortunes:  Chickamauga through Atlanta.
A. Topics:  Morgan's Ohio Raid, northern cavalry, U.S. Grant, the Chickamauga-Chattanooga Campaigns, William S. Rosecrans, Ambrose E. Burnside, James Longstreet, George H. Thomas, William T. Sherman, the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, North Anna, Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Ben Butler, stalemate, Jubal Early, the "mine," the Atlanta Campaign, Joseph E. Johnston, John Bell Hood, the battle for Atlanta, stalemate.
B. Select Bibliography.
Bearss, Edwin C. Forrest at Brice's Cross Roads:  And in North Mississippi in 1864 (1979).
Brice, Marshall M. Conquest of a Valley (1965).
Carter, Samuel III. The Last Cavaliers:  Confederate and Union Cavalry in the Civil War (1979).
Castel, Albert. Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 (1992).
Cleaves, Freeman. Rock of Chickamauga:  The Life of George H. Thomas (1948).
Cozzens, Peter. The Shipwreck of their Hopes: The Battles of Chattanooga (1996).
Cozzens, Peter. This Terrible Sound: The Battle of Chickamauga (1996).
Davis, William C. The Battle of New Market (1975).
Davis, William C., ed. Diary of a Confederate Soldier: John S. Jackman of the Orphan Brigade
    (1990).
Davis, William C. The Orphan Brigade: The Kentucky Confederates Who Couldn't Go Home
    (1980).
Gallagher, Gary W. The Wilderness Campaign (1997).
Govan, Gilbert E. and Livinggood, James W. A Different Valor:  The Story of General Joseph E.
    Johnston, C. S. A. (1956).
Lamers, William M. The Edge of Glory:  A Biography of General William S. Rosecrans, U. S. A.
    (1961).
Lewis, Lloyd. Sherman, Fighting Prophet (1932).
Liddell Hart, B.H. Sherman:  Soldier, Realist, American (1929).
Longacre, Edward G. Mounted Raids of the Civil War (1975).
Martin, Samuel J. "Kill-Cavalry": Sherman's Merchant of Terror: The Life of Union General Hugh
    Judson Kilpatrick (1996).
McDonough, James Lee. Chattanooga: A Death Grip on the Confederacy (1984).
Sherman, William T. Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, Written by Himself (2 vols., 1887).
McDonough, James Lee. Chattanooga:  A Death Grip on the Confederacy (1984).
Miers, E. S. The Last Campaign:  Grant Saves the Union (1972).
Nash, Howard P. Stormy Petrel:  The Life and Times of General Benjamin F. Butler, 1818-1893
    (1969).
Philips, Edward H. The Shenandoah Valley in 1864:  An Episode in the History of Warfare
    (1965).
Priest, John Michael. Victory Without Triumph: The Wilderness, May 6th and 7th, 1864 (1996).
Ramage, James A. Rebel Raider: The Life of General John Hunt Morgan (1986).
Sommers, Richard J. Richmond Redeemed:  The Siege at Petersburg (1981).
Starr, Stephen Z. The Union Cavalry in the Civil War (1979).
Thomas, Edison H. John Hunt Morgan and His Raiders (1975).
Tucker, Glenn. Chickamauga:  Bloody Battle in the West (1961).
Vandiver, Frank E. Jubal's Raid (1960).
Wise, Stephen R. Gate of Hell: Campaign for Charleston Harbor, 1863 (1994).

XVI. The North in Wartime.
A. Topics:  The economic situation, the Lincoln economic program, manufacturers, railroad promoters, speculators, bankers, financing the war, the national banking system, economic boom in the North, new industries and trends, agriculture, labor.
B. Select Bibliography.
Bensel, Richard Franklin. Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority in America,
    1859-1877 (1990).
Bernstein, Iver. The New York City Draft Riots (1990).
Curry, Leonard P. Blueprint for Modern America:  Non-Military Legislation of the First Civil War
    Congress (1968).
Donald, David H. Lincoln (1997).
Fite, Emerson D. Social and Industrial Conditions in the North during the Civil War (1910).
Gallman, Matthew J. The North Fights the Civil War (1994).
Geary, James W. We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War (1991).
Gilchrist, David T. and Lewis, W. David, eds. Economic Change in the Civil War (1965).
Larson, Harrietta M. Jay Cooke (1936).
Leonard, Elizabeth D. Yankee Women: Gender Battles in the Civil War (1994).
McCague, James. Moguls and Iron Men:  The Story of the First Transcontinental Railroad (1964).
Neely, Mark E., Jr. The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and the Promise of America (1991).
Niven, John. Salmon P. Chase: A Biography (1995).
Paludin, Phillip Shaw. The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (1994).
Rein, Bert W. An Analysis and Critique of the Union Financing of the Civil War (1962).
Silbey, Joel. A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era (1977).
Vinovskis, Maris A., ed. Toward A Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays
    (1990).
Voegeli, V. Jacque. Free but Not Equal: The Midwest and the negro during the Civil War (1967).

XVII. The Effects of the War on Northern Culture and Politics.
A. Topics: The effect of business on the Northern mind, the common people, prison psychology, wartime Republican factionalism, the election of 1864, peace negotiations, the capture of Atlanta.
B. Select Bibliography.
Andrews, J. Cutler. The North Reports the Civil War (1955).
DuBois, Ellen. Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women's Movement in
    America, 1848-1869 (1978).
Frederickson, George M. The Inner Civil War:  Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union
    (1965).
Freidel, Frank, ed. Union Pamphlets of the Civil War (2 vols., 1967).
Gallman, J. Matthew. The North Fights the Civil War: The Home Front (1994).
Nelson, Larry E. Bullets, Ballots, and Rhetoric:  Confederate Policy for the United States
    Presidential Contest of 1864 (1980).
Marvel, William. Andersonville: The Last Depot (1994).
Mitchell, Reid. The Vacant Chair: The Northern Soldier Leaves Home (1993).
Rose, Anne C. Victorian America and the Civil War (1992).
Smith, George W. and Judah, Charles, eds. Life in the North during the Civil War:  A Source of
    History (1966).
Venet, Wendy Hammond. Neither Ballots Nor Bullets: Women Abolitionists and the Civil War
    (1991).

XVIII. The Civil War Ends.
A. Topics:  Hood's invasion of Tennessee, the "March to the Sea," Carolinas Campaign, evacuation of Richmond, the Confederates surrender.
B. Select Bibliography.
Bradley, Mark L. Last Stand in the Carolinas: The Battle of Bentonville (1996).
Barney, William L. Flawed Victory:  A New Perspective on the Civil War (1975).
Barrett, John G. Sherman's March Through the Carolinas (1956).
Davis, Burke. To Appomattox:  Nine April Days, 1865 (1959).
Dowdey, Clifford. Lee's Last Campaign (1960).
Glatthaar, Joseph T. The March to the Sea and Beyond:  Sherman's Troops in the Savannah and
    Carolinas Campaigns (1985).
Horn, S.F. The Decisive Battle of Nashville (1956).
Hughes, Nathaniel Cheairs, Jr., Bentonville: The Final Battle of Sherman and Johnston (1996).
Lucas, Marion Brunson. Sherman and the Burning of Columbia (1976).
Luvaas, Jay. The Military Legacy of the Civil War (1959).
Marvel, William. Lee's Last Retreat: The Flight to Appomattox (2002).
Patrick, Rembert W. The Fall of Richmond (1960).

XIX. An Introduction to Reconstruction.
A. Topics:  Results of the war, the meaning of the war, the complexity of the Reconstruction problem.
B. Select Bibliography.
Bowers, Claude G. The Tragic Era:  The Revolution After Lincoln (1929).
Carter, Hodding. The Angry Scar (1959).
Coulter, E. Merton. The South during Reconstruction 1865-1877 1947).
Cox, LaWanda and John H. Politics, Principle, and Prejudice 1865-1866 (1963).
Dunning, William A. Reconstruction, Political and Economic, 1865-1877 (1907).
Egerton, John. The Americanization of Dixie: the Southernization of America (1974).
Fleming, Walter L. The Sequel of Appomattox:  A Chronicle of the Reunion of the States (1919).
Franklin, John H. Reconstruction after the Civil War (1961).
Henry, Robert S. The Story of Reconstruction (1938).
Perman, Michael. Reunion without Compromise: The South and Reconstruction, 1865-1868
    (1973).
Peterson, Merrill D. Lincoln in American Memory (1994).
Silber, Nina. The Romance of Reunion: Northerners and the South, 1865-1900 (1993).
Simpson, Lewis P. Mind and the American Civil War: A Meditation on Lost Causes (1989).
Stampp, Kenneth M. The Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 (1965).
Wallace, David Duncan. South Carolina: A Short History, 1520-1948 (1951).
Wiltse, Charles Maurice. The Jeffersonian Tradition in American Democracy (1960).
Woodward, C. Vann. The Burden of Southern History (1960).

XX. Presidential Reconstruction.
A. Topics:  Reaction to the end of the war, Reconstruction under Lincoln, the 10% plan, Lincoln's motives, Radical opposition, motives of the Radicals, Johnson's plan of Reconstruction, Congressional reaction to Johnson, 1866 Civil Rights Bill, mid-term election of 1866.
B. Select Bibliography.
Beale, Howard K. The Critical Year:  A Study of Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction (1958).
Belz, Herman. Emancipation and Equal Rights: Politics and Constitutionalism in the Civil War Era
    (1978).
Belz, Herman. Reconstructing the Union: Theory and Policy During the Civil War (1969).
Brock, William R. An American Crisis (1963).
Carter, Dan T. When the War was Over:  The Failure of Self-Reconstruction in the South
    1865-1867 (1985).
Donald, David. The politics of Reconstruction, 1863-1867 (1965).
Gillette, William.
The Right to Vote:  Politics and the Passage of the Fifteenth Amendment (1969).
Hesseltine, William B. Lincoln's Plan of Reconstruction (1960).
Hyman, Harold. Era of the Oath (1954).
Sefton, James E. Andrew Johnson and the Uses of Constitutional Power      (1980).
Trefousse, Hans L. Andrew Johnson:  A Biography (1989).

XXI. Congressional Reconstruction.
A. Topics:  Congressional Reconstruction acts, the admission of states, the radicals and the executive, the radicals and the supreme court, the election of 1868.
B. Select Bibliography.
Abbott, Richard H. The Republican Party and the South, 1855-1877 (1986).
Brodie, Fawn. Thaddeus Stevens (1959).
Coleman, Charles H. The Election of 1868 (1933).
Current, Richard. Old Thad Stevens (1942).
Dearing, Mary R. Veterans in Politics:  The Story of the G. A. R. (1952).
McKitrick, Eric. Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction (1960).
Sefton, James E. The United States Army and Reconstruction, 1865-1867 (1967).
Seip, Terry L. The South Returns to Congress:  Men, Economic Measures and Intersectional
    Relationships, 1868-1879 (1983).
Trefousse, Hans. The Radical Republicans: Lincoln's Vanguard for Racial Justice (1969).
Trefousse, Hans. Thaddeus Stevens: Nineteenth Century Egalitarian (1997).

XXII. Reconstruction in the South:  The Radical Governments.
A. Topics:  Characteristics of the radical governments, the KKK, the end of Reconstruction, economic Reconstruction, the social effects of Reconstruction, conclusions.
B. Select Bibliography.
Ash, Stephen V. When the Yankees Came: Conflict and Chaos in the Occupied South, 1861-1865
    (1995).
Bentley, George R. A History of the Freedman's Bureau (1955).
Berlin, Ira, et al. The Black Military Experience (1982-).
Berlin, Ira, et al. The Destruction of Slavery (1985-).
Butchart, Ronald E. Northern Schools, Southern Blacks, and Reconstruction:  Freedmen's Education, 1862-1875 (1980).
Connelly, Thomas L. and Bellows, Barbara. God and General Longstreet: The Lost Cause and the Southern Mind (1982).
Current, Richard N. Those Terrible Carpetbaggers: A Reinterpretation (1988).
DuBois, W.E.B. Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880 (1935).
Fitzgerald, Michael W. The Union League Movement in the South (1989).
Fleming, Walter. The Freedman's Savings Bank (1927).
Foner, Eric. Nothing but Freedom: Emancipation and its Legacy (1983).
Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (1988).
Gillette, William. Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869-1879 (1979).
Hahn, Steven. The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the
    Georgia Upcountry, 1850-1890 (1983).
Harris, William C. The Day of the Carpetbagger: Republican Reconstruction in Mississippi (1979).
Haworth, Paul L. The Hayes-Tilden Disputed Presidential Election of 1876 (1906).
Hirshson, Stanley P. Farewell to the bloody shirt; northern Republicans & the southern Negro, 1877-1893 (168).
Horn, S.F. Invisible Empire:  The Story of the Ku Klux Klan, 1866-1871 (1939).
Mitchell, Broadus and George S. Mitchell. The Industrial Revolution in the South (1930).
Moore, James T. "Redeemers Reconsidered: Change and Continuity in the Democratic South,
    1877-1900." Journal of Southern History 64 (1978): 357-78.
Litwack, Leon. Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (1979).
Perman, Michael. The Road to Redemption:  Southern Politics, 1869-1879 (1984).
Rabinowitz, Howard N., ed. Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era (1982).
Rable, George C. But There Was No Peace: Violence and Reconstruction (1984).
Randel, William P. The Ku Klux Klan:  A Century of Infamy (1965).
Robinson, Armstead L. "Beyond the Realm of Social Consensus: New Meanings of Reconstruction
    for American History." Journal of American History 68 (1981): 276-97.
Singletary, Otis A. Negro Militia and Reconstruction (1957).
Smith, Samuel D. The Negroes in Congress, 1870-1901 (1940).
Stover, John F. The Railroads of the South, 1865-1900 (1955).
Swint, Henry L. The Northern Teacher in the South, 1862-1870 (1941).
Taylor, A.A. The Negro in Tennessee, 1865-1880 (1941).
Trelease, Allen W. White Terror: The Ku Klux Conspiracy and Reconstruction (1982).
Wharton, Vernon L. The Negro in Mississippi, 1865-1890 (1947).
Williamson, Joel. After Slavery:  The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction, 1861-1877 (1965).
Williamson, Joel. New People:  Miscegenation and Mulattoes in the United States (1980).
Wilson, Theodore B. The Black Codes of the South (1965).
Woodward, C. Vann. Reunion and Reaction:  The Compromise of 1877 and the end of Reconstruction (1951).
Woodward, C. Vann. The Strange Career of Jim Crow (1966).

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