ANTH 336 New World Prehistory
Dr. Darlene Applegate
Fall 2006
Andean South America
Culture
Area
Tiwanaku Empire
Tiwanaku
is one of the first empires of Andean South America.
TIME PERIOD
AD 600 - 1000
Middle Horizon
LOCATION
southern highlands of Peru
near Lake
Titicaca
some influence in present-day Bolivia
SUBSISTENCE
farming and herding
DIAGNOSTIC ARTIFACTS
renowned for copper working
Tiahuanacoid
art style and iconography:
rooted in Chavin art style
primary theme is standing human, which is depicted from the front with
arms raised and spread, with headdress and
necklace, with belted garment, with staff in hand; represents a
deity or creator Viracocha
other icons are feline,
bird/human, feline/human, jaguar, angels, staff with animal
parts
less common motifs are meander bands, circular or
geometric eyes and nose, v-shaped canines, trophy heads
most depictions are on stone sculpture but also pottery and
textiles
SETTLEMENT STRATEGY
hierarchical organization of ceremonial centers (primary,
secondary, tertiary centers) connected by roads
monumental public architecture includes semi-subterranean temples and
pyramids; Gateway of the Sun is a well-known feature of the capital
Tiwanaku
SITES
Tiwanaku - capital, not as
nucleated as was Huari capital
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
one of first empires
theocracy
less centralized than Huari empire
no
bureaucratic residences at administrative centers
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