ANTH 336 New World Prehistory
Dr. Darlene Applegate
Fall 2006
Mesoamerica Culture
Area
Toltec Civilization
TIME PERIOD
Post-Classic Period
AD 900 - 1200
LOCATION
north-central Mexican highlands
north of Valley of Mexico
also occupied Chichen Itza in Yucatan Peninsula
Map Showing the Toltect Heartland and Major Sites (Including Chichen
Itza in the Yucatan Peninsula).
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/toltecs.htm
ORIGINS
civilization developed by nomadic farmers from north plus indigenous
central Mexicans
Mixcoatl created alliances among disparate groups and became first ruler
SUBSISTENCE
agriculture based on chinampas and irrigation
DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES
stone chacmool
carved stones found in front of temples
at tops of pyramids
motif is reclining human on his back and head turned, often with a flat
place for offerings on the stomach
used for performing sacrifices
Only Intact Chacmool from Toltec Site of Tula, Mexico.
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/toltecs.htm
stone "atlantean" warrior columns
and feathered serpent columns
used to hold roofs and entryways of
structures
were painted in vibrant colors
ranged from 15-20 feet tall
(Left) Atlantean Warrior Columns Topping a Pyramid at Tula,
Mexico.
(Right) Artist Reconstruction of Painted Atlantean Warrior Column, Four
Sides.
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/toltecs.htm
http://www.newodysseyart.co.uk/toltec_art_toltec_warrior.html
Feathered Serpent Columns at the Entrance of the Temple
of the Warriors at Chichen Itza, Mexico.
http://www.internet-at-work.com/hos_mcgrane/chichen/eg_maya_chichen_warriors1b.html
columnated courtyards
Columnated Courtyard at Palace Ruins in Tula, Mexico.
http://www.newodysseyart.co.uk/ancient_mexico_tula.html
SETTLEMENT STRATEGY
there were a few primary ceremonial centers
with each laid out on a grid system
there were trading outposts
SITES
Tula
used at the capital of the Toltec
civilization from AD 980 to 1179
covered about 12 sq km and supported a population of about 30,000 at
its height
monumental public architecture includes pyramid temples (slope and
panel architecture), two ball courts, and palaces with columnated
courtyards
Artist Reconstruction of Temple of Quetzelcoatl at Tula, Mexico. Note
Atlantean Warrior Columns, Chacmool, Serpent Columns, and Panels
with Jaguar, Eagle, and Feathered Serpent Motifs.
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/toltecs.htm
other sites are Chichen Itza, Alta Vista, and La Quemada
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
possibly a theocracy
militaristic empire, expanded through armed conflict and trading
DECLINE
possible factors are loss of wealth, drought, internal strife
last ruler committed suicide to end line of descent
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Last updated on November 10, 2006
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