NOTE:  The lecture outlines provide only an overview of what will be covered in lecture. By no means do the outlines represent all the information you are responsible for learning. Outlines are intended for use as notetaking templates and test preparation aids.
 

INTRODUCTION
 

• Anthropology

 
• cultural anthropology

 
• linguistics

 
• archaeology

 
• applied anthropology

 
• physical anthropology

 
• paleoanthropology **

 
• modern human variation

 
• primatology

 
• forensic anthropology

• Paleoanthropology

• Geologic Time Units

 

 

• Cenozoic Era (66 mya - present)

 
• Paleocene Epoch (66 - 58 mya)

 
• Eocene Epoch (58 - 37 mya)

 
• Oligocene Epoch (37 - 24 mya)

 
• Miocene Epoch (24 - 5 mya)

 
• Pliocene Epoch (5 - 1.6 mya)

 
• Pleistocene Epoch (1.6 mya - 10,000 BC)

 
• Cultural Time Units

 

 

• Paleolithic or Old Stone Age (2.5 mya - 12,000 BC)

 
• Lower Paleolithic (4 mya - 200,000)

 
• Middle Paleolithic (200,000 - 35,000)

 
• Upper Paleolithic (35,000 - 12,000 BC)

 
• Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age (12,000 - 10,000 BC)

 
• Neolithic or New Stone Age (10,000 BC - ending dates vary)

 

• Dating Methods

 
• Relative dating methods

 
• Stratigraphy

 
• Absolute dating methods

 
• Radiocarbon

• Fossils

 
• Definition and types of fossils

 
• Uses in evolutionary studies

 
• Preservation

 
 
• Morphology and Comparative Anatomy

 
• Definitions

 
• Uses in evolutionary studies

 
 
• Molecular Biology and Genetics

 
• Definition

 
• Uses in evolutionary studies

 
• Approaches or methods

 
• DNA hybridization

 
• Protein sequencing

 
• Immunology

 
 
• Primate Analogy

 

 

• Definition

 
• Uses in evolutionary studies

 
• Savanna baboon

 
• Common chimpanzee

 
 
• Hunter-Gatherer Analogy and Ethnoarchaeology

 

 

• Definitions

 
• Uses in evolutionary studies

 
• Kalahari San of southern Africa

 
• Aborigines of Australia

 
• Birdsell's magic numbers hypothesis

EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
 

•  Pre-Darwinian View of Nature

• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

 
• Contributions

 
• Two laws of nature

 
1.   Principle of use and disuse

 
2.    Inheritance of acquired characters

 
• Charles Darwin

 
• Observations

 
• Theory of natural selection

 
• Influences on Darwin
• The Origin of Species
• Six premises
• Process of descent with modification
• Components of theory
• Problems with theory

 
• Gregor Mendel

 
• Two laws of inheritance

 
1.    Principle of segregation

 
2.    Principle of independent assortment

 
• Modern Evolutionary Biology

 
• Basic tenets

 
• Four forces of evolution
 
 

1.    Mutation


 
• Definition
• Relationship to evolution
• Examples

2.    Gene flow (migration, admixture)


 
• Definition
• Relationship to evolution
• Examples

3.    Random genetic drift


 
• Definition and two types
• Relationship to evolution
• Example - Tristan da Cunha

4.    Natural selection


 
• Definition and types
• Relationship to evolution
• Example - sickle cell

PRIMATE TAXONOMY AND TRAITS
 
 

• Linnaean System

 
• Definition of taxonomy
• Linnaean taxonomy
• Seven taxa or levels
• Binomial name
• Type specimen

 
 
• Modern Human Taxonomy

 
• see page 91 in the text

 
 
• Modern Primate Classification

 
• Suborder Prosimii

 
• Superfamily Lemuroidea
• Superfamily Lorisoidea
• Superfamily Tarsiioidea

 
• Suborder Anthropoidea

 
• Superfamily Ceboidea
• Superfamily Cercopithecoidea
• Superfamily Hominoidea
• Family Hylobatidae
• Family Pongidae
• Genus Pan
• Genus Gorilla
• Genus Pongo
• Family Hominidae
• Genus Australopithecus
• Genus Homo

 
 
• Ancestral (Primitive) Primate Traits

 
1. Homiothermy
2. Heterodontism
3. Play behavior
4. Reproductive traits
5. Long developmental period extended by nursing
6. Pentadactyly

 
 
• Primate Derived Traits

 
• Sensory traits
• Locomotor traits
• Dental traits
• Social traits
• Reproductive traits
• Habitat

 
 
• Explanations for Primate Derived Traits

 
• Arboreal theory (Smith and Wood-Jones)
• Visual predation theory (Cartmill)

 
 

NONHUMAN PRIMATE EVOLUTION
 
 

• Overview

• Paleocene Primate: The First Primates

 
• Time
• Summary
• Spatial distribution
• Environment
• Taxa
• Altiatlasius genus
• Traits

 
 
• Eocene Primates: The Basal Anthropoids

 
• Time
• Summary
• Spatial distribution
• Environment
• Taxa
• Algeripithecus
• Traits

 
• Oligocene Primates: The True Anthropoids

 
• Time
• Summary
• Spatial distribution
• Environment
• Taxa
• basal anthropoids
• Apidium
• Parapithecus
• generalized catarrhines
• Propliopithecus
• Aegyptopithecus
• Oligopithecus family
• Oligopithecus
• Proteopithecus
• Catopithecus
• platyrrhines in New World
• Branisella
• Szalatabus
• Aeolopithecus
• Traits

 
• Miocene Primates: The Hominoids

 
• Time
• Summary
• Spatial distribution
• Environment
• Taxa
• Victoriapithecines
• Dental apes
• Proconsul
• Proconsul
• Micropithecus
• Oreopithecines
• Nyanzapithecus
• Oreopithecus
• Pongids
• Dryopithecus
• Gigantopithecus
• Sivapithecus
• Pliopithecines
• Pliopithecus
• Unknown family
• Afropithecus
• Turkanopithecus
• Otavipithecus
• Traits

HUMAN DERIVED TRAITS
 
 

•  Overview

• Bipedalism

• Definition and significance
• Anatomical changes associated with bipedalism
• Advantages of bipedalism / Disadvantages of bipedalism
• Early evidence for bipedalism
• Explanations
1. Darwin, man the hunter
2. Lovejoy, male provisioning (monogamous pair bonding)
3. Tanner, woman the gatherer
4. Shipman, scavenging
5. Energy efficiency
6. Sinclair, migration
7. Wheeler, body temperature regulation


 

• Terrestrial habitat

 
• Definition and significance
• Traits associated with terrestrial lifestyle

 
 
•   Tool use and manufacture / precision grip

 
• Definition and significance
• Preadaptations for tool use
• Developments in tool use

 
 
• Increased meat use

 
• Background and significance
• Evidence of and developments in meat use
 
 
• Large complex brain

 
• Background and significance
• Brain complexity
• Brain size
 
 
•   Abstract communication

 
• Definition and significance
• Anatomical changes and evidence for spoken language
 
 

OVERVIEW
 

1.    Extinct subfamily of hominids.

2.    Lived during Pliocene and Pleistocene Epochs (5 mya to 1 mya).

3.    Two genera have been identified:  Australopithecus and Paranthropus. A third possible genus is Ardipithecus.

4.    At least 9 species have been identified.

5.    Divided into three groups: provisional, gracile, and robust.

6.    Debate over whether or not they belong in the family Hominidae.

7.    Distribution is confined to Africa.

8.    Climate in east Africa involved cooling trend, decrease in forest areas, increase in savanna grasslands, semiarid to semihumid conditions. Climate in southern Africa was dry with savanna grasslands for all of Cenozoic Era.

9.    Most fossils found near present or past water sources, especially rivers and lakes, or in cave deposits.

10.    Bipedalism developed before significant changes in skull. Humans evolved "from the ground up." Dental traits become modern looking before brain (especially size) does.

11.    Transitional characteristics between humans and other apes:  arm:leg ratio, divergent big toe, brain size, shape of brain case, prognathism, some dental characteristics.
 
 
12.    Little to no evidence of cultural remains.

PROVISIONAL AUSTRALOPITHECINES
 

• Australopithecus ramidus

• DISCOVERY
 
• TIME SPAN
 
• DISTRIBUTION
 
• IMPORTANT SITES AND SIGNIFICANT FINDS
 
• Aramis, Ethiopia

 
• PHYSICAL TRAITS

 
• CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
 

• Australopithecus anamensis

• DISCOVERY
 
• TIME SPAN
 
• DISTRIBUTION
 
• IMPORTANT SITES AND SIGNIFICANT FINDS
 
• Kanopoi and Allia Bay, Kenya

 
• PHYSICAL TRAITS

 
• CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
 
 
• Australopithecus bahrelghazali

• DISCOVERY

 
• TIME SPAN

 
• DISTRIBUTION

 
• IMPORTANT SITES AND SIGNIFICANT FINDS

 
• Chad
 
• PHYSICAL TRAITS
 
• CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
 

• Australopithecus afarensis

• DISCOVERY
 
• TIME SPAN
 
• DISTRIBUTION
 
• IMPORTANT SITES AND SIGNIFICANT FINDS
 
• Hadar, Ethiopia
 
• Laetoli, Tanzania

 
• PHYSICAL TRAITS

 
• CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
 

• Australopithecus africanus

• DISCOVERY
 
• TIME SPAN
 
• DISTRIBUTION
 
• IMPORTANT SITES AND SIGNIFICANT FINDS
 
• Taung, South Africa
 
• Sterkfontein, South Africa
 
• Makapansgat, South Africa
 
• Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

 
• PHYSICAL TRAITS

 
• CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
 
 
• Australopithecus gahri

 
• DISCOVERY
 
• TIME SPAN
 
• DISTRIBUTION
 
• IMPORTANT SITES AND SIGNIFICANT FINDS
 
• Aramis, Ethiopia

 
• PHYSICAL TRAITS

 
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS

 

• Paranthropus robustus

• DISCOVERY
 
• TIME SPAN
 
• DISTRIBUTION
 
• IMPORTANT SITES AND SIGNIFICANT FINDS
 
• Kromdraai, South Africa
 
• Swartkrans, South Africa

 
• PHYSICAL TRAITS

 
• CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
 

• Paranthropus boisei

• DISCOVERY
 
• TIME SPAN
 
• DISTRIBUTION
 
• IMPORTANT SITES AND SIGNIFICANT FINDS
 
• Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
 
• Lake Turkana, Kenya

 
• PHYSICAL TRAITS

 
• CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
 

• Paranthropus aethiopicus

• DISCOVERY
 
• TIME SPAN
 
• DISTRIBUTION
 
• IMPORTANT SITES AND SIGNIFICANT FINDS
 
• Lake Turkana, Kenya

 
• PHYSICAL TRAITS

 
• CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS

EARLY  HOMO SPECIES
 

• Homo habilis

• DISCOVERY
 
• TIME SPAN
 
• DISTRIBUTION
 
• IMPORTANT SITES AND SIGNIFICANT FINDS
 
• Hadar, Ethiopia
 
• Lake Turkana, Kenya
• KNM-ER 1813
 
• Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
• first pebble tools found
• OH7
• OH8
• OH24
• OH62
• partial skeleton
 
• Swartkrans, South Africa
 
• Sterkfontein, South Africa
• STW 53
 
• PHYSICAL TRAITS

 
• CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS

 
• Oldowan stone tool tradition
 
• living floors and home bases
 
• speech and language?
 
 
• Homo rudolfensis

• DISCOVERY
 
• TIME SPAN
 
• DISTRIBUTION
 
• IMPORTANT SITES AND SIGNIFICANT FINDS
 
• Lake Turkana, Kenya
• KNM-ER 1470
 
• Uraha, Lake Malawi
• UR 501
 
• PHYSICAL TRAITS

 
• CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
 
 

• Homo ergaster

• DISCOVERY
 
• TIME SPAN
 
• DISTRIBUTION
 
• IMPORTANT SITES AND SIGNIFICANT FINDS
 
• Konso-Gardula, Ethiopia
• KGA 10-1
 
•  Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
• OH9
• OH12
 
• Koobi Fora, Lake Turkana, Kenya
• KNM-ER 3733
• KNM-ER 992
• KNM-ER 3883
• KNM-ER 1812
• KNM-ER 2598
• KNM-ER 3228
• KNM-WT 15000
 
• Swartkrans, South Africa
• SK 847
 
• PHYSICAL TRAITS

 
• CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS

 
• Acheulian stone tool tradition
 
 
•  Phylogenetic Relationships

HOMO  ERECTUS
 
 

• DISCOVERY
 
 
• TIME RANGE
 

• DISTRIBUTION

 
• Africa
 
• Asia
 
• Europe
 
• Climate
 
 
• SITES AND SIGNIFICANT FINDS

• Melka Kunture, Ethiopia
 
• Lainyamok, Kenya
 
• Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
 
• Olorgasaille, Tanzania
 
• Swartkrans, South Africa
 
• Ternifine, Algeria
 
• Sidi Abderrahman and Sale (Rabat), Morocco
 
• Dmanisi, Georgia
 
• Trinil and Sangiran, Solo River, Java
 
• Modjokerto, Java
 
• Ngandong, Java
 
• Zhoukoudian, China
 
• Torralba and Ambrona, Spain (Figure 12.2, page 354)
 
• Terra Amata, France
 
• Other Sites
• Hexian, China
• Yunxian, China
• Lantian-Gongwangling, China
• Quyuanhekou, China
• Sambungmachan, Java
 

• PHYSICAL TRAITS
 
 
• CULTURAL TRAITS
 
• first human to migrate out of Africa
 
• Acheulian tool tradition
 
• use of fire
 
• cave dwelling
 
• dwelling structures
 
• clothing
 
• maybe big-game hunters, or scavengers
 
• speech and language
 

• CONTEMPORARIES ??
 
• Homo antecessor  (1.0-0.8 mya, Europe and n Africa)
 
• Homo hiedelbergensis  (0.6 mya, precursor to neanderthals?)

ARCHAIC HOMO SAPIENS
 
 

• DISCOVERY

• TIME RANGE

• DISTRIBUTION / CLIMATE

• Europe
 
• Asia
 
• Africa
 
• Climate

• SITES


 

• Swanscombe, England
 
• Boxgrove, England
 
• Steinheim, Germany
 
• Mauer, Germany
 
• Petralona, Greece
 
• Bodo, Ethiopia
 
• Broken Hill (Kabwe), Zambia
 
• Elandsfontein, South Africa
 
• Lake Ndutu, Tanzania
 
• Ngandong, Java
 
• Narmada Valley, India
 
• Dali, China
 
• Jingniushan, China

•  PHYSICAL TRAITS

• CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS /  SITES

• Technology
 
• Improvements in Acheulian technology
 
• Levallois stone tool technology
 
• Aterian stone tool industry
 
• Sangoan stone tool industry
 
• Olorgesaille, Kenya (?)
 
• Arago, France

• Subsistence
 
• big game hunting maybe
 
• use of aquatic foods
 
• Torralba and Ambrona, Spain (?)
 
• Lazaret Cave, France
 
• Terra Amata, France (?)

• Dwelling structures appear or continue
 
• Terra Amata, France (?)
 
• Lazaret Cave, France

• Clothing appears or continues
 
• Terra Amata, France (?)

• Ritual activity
 
• Bodo, Ethiopia
 
• Steinheim, Germany

NEANDERTALS
 
 

• DISCOVERY

• TIME RANGE

• DISTRIBUTION / CLIMATE

• Africa
 
• Middle East
 
• Asia
 
• Europe
 
• Climate

• PHYSICAL TRAITS / SITES

• Classic Neanderthals

• Traits


 
 
 
 
 
 

• Neander Valley, Germany
 
• Spy, Belgium
 
• La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France
 
• La Ferrassie, France
 
• St. Cesaire, France
 
• Atapuerca, Spain

• Progressive Neanderthals

• Traits
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
• Krapina, Slovenia
 
• Vindija, Slovenia

• Middle Eastern Neanderthals

• Traits
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
• Kebara, Israel
 
• et-Tabun, Israel
 
• es-Skhul, Isreal
 
• Qafzeh, Israel

• CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS / SITES

• Technology
 
• Levallois stone tool technology
 
• Mousterian stone tool technology
 
• Composite tools
 
• Chatelperronian stone tools
 
• Le Moustier, France
 
• Nonlithic containers

• Big-game hunting

• Burial of the dead
 
• Krapina, Slovenia
 
• Shanidar, Iraq
 
• La Ferrassie, France
 
• Kiik-Koba, Crimea

• Personal ornamentation
 
• Tata, Hungary
 
• Teshik-Tash, Uzbekistan

• Ritual activity
 
• Grotto della Basua, Italy
 
• Drachenlock, Germany
 
• Regourdou, France
 
• Monte Circeo, Italy

• Precursors to art and symbolism
 
• Tata, Hungary
 
• Pech de l'Aze, France
 
• Arcy-sur-Cure, France
 
• La Ferrassie, France
 
• Divje Babe I, Slovenia

• Social organization

• Bordes
 
• Binford

• ORIGINS AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS

• FATE OF THE NEANDERTALS

 

ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS
 

• DISCOVERY

• TIME RANGE

• DISTRIBUTION / CLIMATE

 
• Africa
 
• Asia
 
• Middle East
 
• Europe
 
• Australia
 
• Americas

• SITES

 
• Omo, Ethiopia
 
• Border Cave, South Africa
 
• Klasies River Mouth, South Africa
 
• Cro-Magnon, France
 
• Liujiang, China
 
• Niah, Borneo
 
• Dar-es-Soltan, Morocco

• PHYSICAL TRAITS

• CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS / SITES

 
 
• Upper Paleolithic technology
 
• Blade tools
 
• Characteristics of Upper Paleolithic technology

• Art
 
• Types
 
• Media
 
• Motifs and themes
 
• Interpretations
 
• Lascaux Cave, France
 
• Altamira, Spain
 
• South Africa
 
• Australia

• Religion

 
• El Juyo, Spain

• Migrations

• Lake Mungo, Australia
 
• Kow Swamp, Australia
 
• Old Crow Flats, Yukon
 
• Meadowcroft, Pennsylvania
 
• Monte Verde, Chile

• ORIGIN THEORIES

• Regional-continuity model (Multiregional evolution model)

• Partial-replacement model (African-European sapiens model)

• Rapid-replacement model (Complete-replacement model or Recent African evolution model)

• Eve (mitochondrial DNA, Garden of Eden) hypothesis

• Technology-induced modernization

• Pilbeam's hypothesis / communication-induced modernization