WESTERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY How To Do Research Papers on African-American Studies by Donna L. Gilton (1985) Revisions by Andy Stanford (1991) I. FIND SOME TOPIC IN THIS FIELD THAT INTERESTS YOU Read, skim and browse through these sources to determine current issues in the field. Then decide on several topics that would be of interest to you. Many of these sources include introductory essays, subject terms and citations. A. Handbooks and Guides 1. The Black American Reference Book. Ref. E 185 .D25 1976 Introductory essays on almost all aspects of Black Studies including the legal status of the Black American, the Black American worker, the Black family, the Black woman, young Black Americans, Afro-American religion, Afro-Americans in politics, Black literature, music and art, etc. Essays are by people outstanding in their respective fields. Each essay is followed by a brief bibliography. This source is especially recommended for researcher and students who do not know where to begin. 2. International Library of Afro-American Life and History. Ref. E 185.6 .W4 1978x A ten volume work on many aspects of Black history. One volume, Historical Afro-American Biographies, contains essays on Black historical figures. 3. The Negro Almanac: A Reference Work on the Afro-American. Ref. E 185 .N385 1983 Essays, statistics and other data on all aspects of Black studies, including history, civil rights, law and politics, studies of the Black population, the Black family and the Black worker, education, the military, sports, the arts and the sciences, the media, religion and many other subjects. There is also information on African countries as well as on Black people in the western hemisphere. This volume includes biographical information on a number of individuals as well as a directory of organizations. This is an important first to consult for introductory information on any aspect of Black studies and for current data. 4. The Negro Handbook. Ref. E 185 .E2 Sections on population, vital statistics, civil rights, crime, education, libraries, the economy, government and politics, the armed forces, religion, the professions, farms and farming, sports, creative arts, the press and monuments. There is also a biographical dictionary and obituaries. There is information here in the form of statistics, directories and essays. however, since the book is almost twenty years old, it is very dated. Much of the information here can be found in other sources. However, a good deal of the data here is of historical interest and some of it has not been recorded elsewhere at all. Use supplement with other sources. 5. The Negro in American History. Ref. E 185 .N4 A documentary history of Black America. Volume I covers the years 1928-1968, volume II, 1854-1927 and volume III, 156701854. B. Current Periodicals These sources include many articles on current aspects of Afro-American studies. Browse through some of them if you are still unsure of your topic. 1. Black Academy Review 1970-1972 Helm 2 2. Black American Literature Forum 1976- Helm 2 3. Black Enterprise 1970- Helm 2 4. Black Law Journal 1972-1974 Law Library 5. Black News Digest 1971-1981 Cravens 7 6. Black Politician 1969-1971 Helm 2 7. Black Scholar 1969- Helm 2 8. Black World 1970-1976 Helm 2 9. Blues World 1971- Helm 2 10. CLA Journal 1975- Helm 2 11. Chicago Defender current issues Helm 2 12. Civil Rights Digest 1967-1979 Cravens 7 13. Commerce, The Journal of Minority Business 1981- Cravens 7 14. Crisis 1910-1940; 1969- Helm 2 15. Ebony 1964- Helm 2 16. Interracial Books for Children 1977- Helm 2 17. Jet current issues only Helm 2 18. Journal of Black Psychology 1979- Helm 2 19. Journal of Black Studies 1970- Helm 2 20. Journal of Negro Education 1932-1958; 1960-1984 Helm 2 21. Journal of Negro History 1916- Helm 2 22. Living Blues 1970-1975 Helm 2 23. Minority Voices 1981- Cravens 7 24. Negro American Literature Forum 1970-1976 Helm 2 25. Negro History Bulletin 1937-1948; 1951- Helm 2 26. Phylon 1940- Helm 2 27. Review of Black Political Economy 1976- Helm 2 28. Southern Exposure 1974- Helm 2 C. Lists of Periodicals 1. Black Periodicals and Newspapers. Ref Z 1361 .W59 1979 This is a library union list of Black periodicals and newspapers held by selected Wisconsin libraries. 2. Guide to Scholarly Journals in Black Studies. Ref. Z1361 .N39 G83 This is a publication guide for scholars in Black studies. Twenty-six journals are described and there is also valuable information on the major differences between the most important style manuals and on how to submit manuscripts. Periodical entries include background information, general information on content, submission information and subscription information. 3. Katz. Magazines for Libraries. Ref Z 6921 .N2 1982 p. 49- 54. At reference desk. Includes an annotated list of Afro-American periodicals. 4. Newspapers and Periodicals By and About Black People: South-Eastern Library Holdings. Ref. Z 1361 .N67 1978 This is a library union list of Black magazines owned by southern libraries. This enables the researcher to locate periodicals not owned by Western Kentucky University, in order to acquire copies of articles through interlibrary loan. 5. Schockley, Ann Allen. "A Descriptive Bibliography of Selected African and Afro-American Periodicals." Handbook of Black Librarianship. p. 143-152. Ref. Z 711.9 .H35 An annotated bibliography of major African and Afro-American periodicals. 6. The Standard Periodical Directory. Ref. Z 6951 .S78 1983/1984 At reference desk. A list of periodicals, reports, directories, newsletters and other serials of Black and African interests (Section 1980) as well as related serials in history (0970), political science (1780), sociology (2070) and other fields of specific interest. 7. Ulrich's International Periodicals Directory. Ref. Z 6941 .U5 1984 At reference desk. Includes an international list of periodicals of ethnic interest. (Vol. I p. 597-616) D. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias 1. The National Cyclopedia of the Colored Race. Ref. E 185 .N27 An encyclopedia of prominent Black individuals, schools, churches and organizations of the early twentieth century. Of historical interest. E. Statistical Sources 1. American Statistics Index. Cravens 7 Index Table 2 An annual master guide and index to the statistical publications of the U.S. government. This is published in two volumes, the index volume and the abstract volume. The index volume is organized by subject, name of organizations and category breakdown which includes geographic area, economic breakdowns, such as income, industry and occupation and demographic breakdowns, including race. Each citation in the index volume includes the name of the document and a number which is used to locate the document. Documents in the abstracts volume are in numerical order by agency and by type of document. Each document is thoroughly annotated. The first place to come when looking for government statistics. 2. Atlas of Demographics. Atlas G 1201 .E2 I5 1982 On atlas stand I Includes a map of the U.S. which shows the percentages of Black population in countries. 3. Bureau of the Census Catalog 1984 Cravens 7 Reference shelf C 3.163/3 : 984 This source lists all Bureau publications and annotates all works released in recent years. The Eureau publishes population, housing, business and economic statistics that are national, state-wide, county-wide, and local in scope. Many of these statistics are broken down by race. Information on where to find or how to order material is included. 4. County and City Data Book. Cravens 7 Ref. Shelf C 3.134 : C83/2/983 A supplement to the Statistical Abstracts of the United States. This presents a variety of statistical information for countries, SMSAs, cities and unincorporated areas. many of these statistics are on local and regional Black populations. Examples include the countries in the U.S. with the highest proportion of Afro-Americans; percentages of Black populations in the major cities; Black populations in states and regions; Black population in counties and other areas. 5. Current Population Reports. U.S. Bureau of the Census Cravens 7 C 3 . 186 Current population statistics, mostly on the U.S. as a whole. This comes in five series. Series P-20 is about population characteristics in general, P-23 consists of special studies on specific populations such as Afro-Americans, P-25 documents are population estimates and projects, P-26 documents are local population estimates and P-60 consists of consumer income studies of specific populations. Examples of reports that are of interest to Black studies students are: Housing Successions Among Blacks and Whites in Cities and Suburbs. (C 3.186 : P-23/101) ; The Social and Economic Status of the Black Population in the United States: An Historical View 1790-1978. (C 3.186 : P-23/80) and Population Estimates by Race, For States : July 1, 1973 and 1975. Many of the other statistics in all of these series are broken down by race. For more information, ask for Subject Index to Current Population Reports (C 3.186 : P-23/109 Reference shelf) and the United States Bureau of the Census Current Population Reports P-20, P-23, P-25, P-26, P-60 (Reference shelf. C 3.186 : P-23/109). 6. Demographics of the Black Population in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography. Ref. Z 1361 .N39 M6 1983 This is a valuable source of non-governmental statistics on Afro-Americans and explanations of demographic trends. There is an introductory essay that explains the implications of Black demographics and that suggest some areas of future research. 7. Employment and Earnings. Cravens 7 LZ 41/2 (current issues on Government Documents periodicals shelf) Current employment and unemployment statistics. Some of the data is broken down by race. 8. Handbook of Labor Statistics. LZ 3/5 : 985 (On Government Documents reference shelf) Employment, unemployment, earnings and statistics. Some of this data is broken down by race. Statistics include school enrollment. 9. State and Metropolitan Area Date Book. Cravens 7 (On reference shelf) C 3 134/5 : 982 Statistical information on Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, (SMSAs), central cities and regions, divisions and states. The information is similar to that in the County and City Data Book. 10. Statistical Abstract of the United States. (Cravens 7. Also at reference desk.) Annual. This is the most comprehensive compilation of industrial, social, political and economic statistics for the United States. This data is arranged by broad category, i.e. population, education, communication, etc. Many of these statistics are broken down by race. 11. Statistical Sources. Ref. Z 7551 .S84 This subject guide includes sources of statistics on the Black population and on minority races. 12. U.S. Bureau of the Census - Factfinder for the Nation. Cravens 7 C 3.252: A monthly newsletter with clear and detailed descriptions of the Bureau of the Census statistics. The December 1982 issue is a good introduction to and overview of the census bureau's program and products. Other issues describe minority statistics (June, 1979), reference sources population statistics and availability of census records about individuals. The source on minority statistics describes how data is gathered and used, the types of statistics collected and the source of the statistical reports. 13. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Minority Owned Business Enterprises 1977. Cravens 7 C 3.258 : 77- An extensive statistical survey of minority owned firms. Volume I is on business owned by Afro-Americans, Volume II is on business owned by people of Spanish origin, Volume III is about businesses owned by Asian-Americans, Native Americans and others and Volume IV is a summary of the entire set. Statistics for Black-owned firms are by industry, region and state and SMSA. Information includes the number of firms in any category, gross receipts the number of employees and the annual payroll. 14. U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Special Labor Force Report. LZ .98 Specialized labor statistics. Many of these statistics are broken down by race. Examples of reports of interest to Black studies students are Employment and Unemployment: Today; School and Work Among Youth During the 1970's; Multiple Jobholders in May 1979; and Labor Force Patterns of Single Women. F. Biographical Information 1. Afro-American Encyclopedia Vol. 1-10. Ref. E 185 .A28 In spite of the fact that there is some general information here, this is mainly a biographical encyclopedia that features brief biographical descriptions of noteworthy Afro-Americans from all fields. This source contains entries on people who may otherwise be difficult to locate. 2. Biography Index. Ref. Z 5301 .B5 This source indexes biographical information found in periodicals and books. 3. Biography and Genealogy Master Index. Ref. Z 5305 .U5 B57 1980 On index table IV this source refers the researcher to other biographical sources. Many names are included. This is a very good place to look for obscure names or for people who are difficult to find. 4. Black Americans in Autobiography. Ref. Z 1361 .N39 B67 1984 An annotated bibliography and union list of Black autobiographies and autobiographical books. There is a separate list of reprints of works that were originally written before 1865. 5. Civil Rights Struggle: Leaders in Profile. Ref. E 185.96 .D38 Biographical information on civil rights leaders, civil rights opponents and other prominent people of that time. 6. Current Biography. Ref. CT 100 .C8 1979 On index table IV Extensive biographical essays of people who are currently in the news. Many Afro-Americans are covered in this source, but it is necessary to use the index to locate specific people. Articles are followed by references. 7. Dictionary of American Negro Biography. Ref. E 185.96 .D53 1982 Extensive biographical essays on Black achievers of he past many of whom are not well known. Some of these essays include bibliographic information. 8. Great Negroes Past and Present. Ref. 185.96 .A4 1964 Brief biographical essays on prominent Afro-Americans. 9. In Black and White. Ref. Z1= 1861 .N39 S6555 1980 An index to biographical information on Black people. there is a brief description of each person listed and then a listing of the reference books and the periodicals articles where information about the person can be found. Some people not found elsewhere are listed here. 10. Index to Black Writers in Collective Bibliographies. Ref. Z 1229 .N39 C35 1983 On index table IV This source gives information on biographies of writers that are in biographical anthologies. There is an emphasis here on late twentieth century writers, though many others are included. This is an excellent source of hard-to-find data. 11. The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Biography. Ref. CT 103 .M27 1973x A number of prominent Afro-Americans of the past and present are described in this 12 volume set (See volume 12- The American History Study Guide p. 7-27.) Each essay is followed by suggestions for further reading. 12. Who's Who Among Black Americans. Ref. E 185.96 W52 1975/76/77/78/80/81. A biographical directory of prominent Afro-Americans who are still active G. Directories 1. The Black Woman in American Society. Ref. Z 1361 . N39 D36 See section II B Bibliographies. 2. A Directory of Ethnic Publishers and Resource Organization. Ref. E 184 .Al S57 1979 A directory of minority organizations that publish. Entries include the organization's name, address and telephone numbers, a statement of the organization's major purpose or emphasis and a description of publications. There is a classified index at the end of the volume. 3. Ethnic Heritage Studies: Program Catalog 1974-1979. Ref. Z 1361 .E4 M33 A directory of ethnic studies projects funded by the Ethnic Heritage Studies Program. Entries include information on the name and address of the organization involved, the name of the project director, the ethnic groups studied, subject areas, the intended audience or grade level, format of material produced, the year funded, the amount of funding, a listing of publications or productions and a descriptions of activities, products, and publications. This is a good source for elementary, secondary or college teachers looking for materials on ethnic studies. 4. Josey, E.J. and Ann Allen Schockley. Handbook of Black Librarianship. Z711.9 .H35 This source includes directories of African collections in the U.S., Black special libraries, library holdings on Afro-American collections, major Black oral history programs, Afro-American museums and historical societies, Black library schools, public libraries that serve predominantly Black communities, Black academic libraries, Black=owned bookstores and Black book publishers. 5. Minority Organizations: A National Directory. Ref. E 184 .Al M544 1982 An alphabetical listing of Black American, Native American, Asian-American, and Hispanic oriented organizations. Each entry includes the name and address of the organization as well as a brief description. 6. Wynar, Lubomyar and Lois Buttlar. Guide to Ethnic Museums Libraries and Archives in the United States. Ref. E 184 .Al W95 A directory of libraries, cultural centers, bibliographic centers, museums, historical associations, foundations, and other organizations for Afro-Americans and other ethnic groups. There is also a brief, but very helpful bibliographic essay at the beginning of the Black American section on other sources of information. II. DO A LITERATURE SEARCH This will narrow down the topics that interest you to one subject and further define this subject. Look for both general writings and research in these sources. A. Periodicals Indexes and Abstracts 1. Abstracts in Anthropology Helm 2 2. Abstracts in Popular Culture Helm 2 3. Abstracts in Criminology and Penology Helm 2 4. Abstracts on Police Science Helm 2 5. America. History and Life Helm 2 6. Art Index Helm 2 7. Book Review Digest Ref. Index table II 8. Book Review Index Ref. Index table II 9. Business Periodicals Index Helm 2 10. Chicorel Theatre Index to Plays Ref. Index Table I 11. Chicorel Theatre Index to Plays in Periodicals Ref. Index Table I 12. Chicorel Index to Poetry Ref. Index Table I 13. Chicorel Index to Short Stories Ref. Index Table I 14. Child Development Abstracts and Biblography Helm 2 15. Cummulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Care Helm 2 16. Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE) Helm 2 17. Education Index Helm 2 18. Essay and General Literature Index Ref. Index Table I 19. Granger's Index to Poetry Ref. Index Table 1 20. Hospital Literature Index Helm 2 21. Humanities Index Helm 2 22. Index to Book Reviews in the Humanities Helm 2 23. Index to Free Periodicals Helm 2 24. Index to Journals in Communication Studies Helm 2 25. Index to Legal Periodicals Law Library 26. Language and Language Behavior Abstracts Helm 2 27. Library Literature Helm 2 28. MLA International Bibliography Ref. Index Table I 29. Music Index Helm 2 30. The New York Times Index Helm 2 31. Ottermiller's Index to Plays in Collections Ref. Index Table I 32. The Philosopher's Index Helm 2 33. Play Index Ref. Index Table I 34. Poverty and Human Resources Abstracts Helm 2 35. Psychological Abstracts Helm 2 36. Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS) Reference 37. Religion Index One: Periodicals Helm 2 38. Resources in Education (RIE) Helm 2 39. RILA Abstracts of Music Literature Helm 2 40. Sage Public Administration Abstracts Helm 2 41. Sage Race Relations Abstracts Helm 2 42. Sage Urban Studies Abstracts Helm 2 43. Short Story Index Ref. Index Table I 44. Social Sciences Index Helm 2 45. Social Work Research and Abstracts Helm 2 46. Writings on American History Helm 2 B. Bibliographies General Bibliographies, Catalogs and Union Lists 1. Bibliographic Index. Ref. Z 1002 .B595 On Index Table I Indexes mainly bibliographies of books and articles even though some separate bibliographies are included. Look under the terms "Blacks" "Afro-Americans" and "Afro-American ." As well as "see also" references to more specific terms. A good source to find bibliographies on specific subjects. 2. Bibliographies Survey: The Negro in Print. Ref. Z 1361 .N39 N39 This bibliographic periodical was published several times a year by the Negro Bibliographic and Research Center in Washington D.C. It was published in the years 1965-1971. Issues included reviews of current Black-related fiction and non-fiction published for the general reader as well as books for young readers, paperbacks and other information. Some reviews of materials on other minority groups are also included. Volumes end with author and title indexes. 3. Bibliography of American Ethnology. | 1361 .E4 C37 Brief annotated bibliographies of ethnic groups including Afro-Americans. The Afro-American bibliography is the largest in the volume. It is organized by subject. 4. Black Access: A Bibliography of Afro-American Bibliographies Ref. Z 1361 .N39 N578 1984 An alphabetical listing of Black studies, bibliographies, ect. There is a subject index which provides access to specialized bibliographies. 5. Black America: A Research Bibliography. Ref. Z 1361 .N39 1978. An introductory annotated bibliography on all aspects of Black studies. 6. Black American Writers. Ref. Z 1361 .N39 M39 This is an annotated bibliography and union list of Afro-American fiction and non-fiction writers active in the years 1773-1949. The emphasis here is on the non-fiction writer. This work is organized in chapters by subject. A very useful guide to locate early scholarly work by Black authors. 7. Black Culture Collection. Ref. Z 1361 .N39 B5x A xeroxed reproduction of the Atlanta University catalog on Black culture. 8. Blacks in America. Ref. Z 1361 .N39 B56 An important book of biographical essays on all aspects of Black life up to 1970. After reading sources such as The Black American Reference Book (Ref. E 185 .D25 1976) and The Negro Almanac (Ref. E 185 .N385 1983) and after deciding on a topic, this is a vital work to consult about other sources. This bibliography gives some subject background and then critically analyzes and compares the sources under consideration. 9. Chandler, Sue P. "A Selected Annotated List of Reference Books Reflecting the Black Experience." Handbook of Black Librarianship. p. 143-142. Ref. Z 711.9 .H35 An annotated bibliography on basic Afro-American reference tools for the public, high school, and college library. 10. Dictionary Catalog of the Arthur B. Springarn Collection of Negro Authors. Ref. Z 1361 .N39 H78 A book catalog of the Springarn collection of Howard University which, along with the Schomber Collection in New York, is one of the biggest collection of Afro-Americana in the U.S. 11. Directory of Afro-American Resources. Ref. Z1361 .N39 R3 A directory of libraries, agencies and organizations that collect Black study materials. This source is in alphabetical order by state, city and then organization. Entries include the name, address, and telephone number of the institution, the name of a contact person and, in some cases, names and brief descriptions of specific collections. This is a very useful source in locating papers, manuscripts and other rare historical materials. 12. Ethnic Heritage Studies: Program Catalog 1974-1979. Ref. Z 1361 .E4 M3 See section I G Directories 13. Johnson, Harry A. (ed.) Ethnic American Minorities. Ref E 184 .A1 J58 An annotated bibliography of books, multimedia and other educational materials on ethnic minorities for the secondary school student and his teacher. Each section includes an extensive essay summarizing the history of the minority group under discussion and describing the cultural and educational needs of young people from these groups. 14. Josey, E.J. Handbook of Black Librarianship. Ref. Z 711.9 .H35 This handbook includes several bibliographical essays on African and Afro-American studies as well as articles on how to procure materials from Africa and how to establish Afro-American collections. 15. Miller, Wayne Charles. A Comprehensive Bibliography for the Study of American Minorities. Ref. Z 1361 .E4 M529 (2 vols.) Extensive annotated bibliography on all ethnic groups. Vol. I is about ethnic groups of African, Middle Eastern and European descent. Vol. II is about groups of Caribbean and Asian descent, as well as Native Americans and Hispanic Americans. The Afro-American bibliography includes bibliographies, guides to collections, encyclopedias and handbooks, periodicals, including journals of historical interest and the title and location of individual newspapers, history books, and books on the civil rights movements, Black nationalism, sociology, education, the urban situation, economics, politics, psychology, health and many other subjects. 16. Minorities and Women: A Guide to Reference Literature in the Social Sciences. Ref Z 136l .E4 S3x Brief annotated bibliographies of fact books, biographical sources, documentary sources, directories, statistical sources and citation sources on racial minorities and on women. 17. Multi-Ethnic Media: Selected Bibliographies in Print. Ref. Z 1361 .E4 M85 This is a bibliography of bibliographic essays and bibliographies on racism in children's books and materials and resources on minority groups for children, young people and teachers who work with the young. The entries are annotated. 18. The Negro in America: A Bibliography Ref. Z1361 .N 39 M5 1970 An extensive bibliography on all aspects of Black studies. Brief annotations are included for some sources. This source ends with a useful guide to further research. A good work to use for sources of more information once a research topic is decided upon. 19. The Negro in the United States: A Research Guide. Ref. Z 1361 .N39 W4 1965 This is a good general introduction to Black life and history (at least up to 1965). It describes, compares, and analyzes basic historical sources in the field and gives brief overviews of subjects as well. It should be used as background reading in conjunction with more current sources. 20. The Negro in the United States: A Selected Bibliography Ref. Z1361 .N39 P59 A selected general bibliography of the most cited and most requested material on Black Studies that is owned by the Library of Congress. Some entries include brief annotations. This source is organized in chapters by subject. This is another useful tool to use in obtaining more information on specific subjects. 21. No Crystal Stair: A Bibliography of Black Culture Ref. Z1361 .N39 N53 1971 This bibliography for general readers was compiled by the staff of the New York Public Library. It is the tenth edition of the ongoing bibliography The Negro in the United States which was first published in 1925. Several classes from earlier editions are included here, but the emphasis is on books published in the years 1966-1970. Brief annotations are included. 22. Oaks, Pricilla. Minority Studies: A Selective Annotated Bibliography. Ref. Z1361 .E4 024 An annotated bibliography on minority groups. The Afro-American bibliography which is relatively short here, includes bibliographical works, periodicals, books on history, politics, education, general culture and community life and literature by and about Afro-Americans. 23. Readers Advisory Service. Ref Z 1007 .R313 No. 8 On index table I This source includes a number of bibliographies on specific Black sources. There is a cummulative index in Vol. 7 number 4 (1980), as well as annual indexes in subsequent volumes. 24. Wynar, Lubomyer and Lois Buttlar. Ethnic Film and Filmstrip Guide for Libraries and Media Centers. Ref. E 184 .Al W943 An annotated filmography of films and filmstrips about Afro-Americans and other ethnic groups. There is also a brief bibliography of additional sources of information on Afro-American films and filmstrips. Literature, Language and Communication 1. Afro American Fiction 1853-1976: A Guide to Information Sources. Ref. Z1361 .N39 M3x This source includes an alphabetical and unannotated checklist of novels; unannotated list of short story collections, both by individual authors and in anthologies; an annotated list of bibliographies and general studies; and a list of bibliographies and critical studies on Charles Chestnutt, Jean Toomer, Zora Neale Hurston, Richard Wright, Chester Himes, Ann Petry, William Demby, Ralph Ellison, Paule Marshall, John A. Williams, Ernest Gaines, Ishmael Reed, and Toni Morrison. This later list includes brief annotations. 2. Afro-American Writers. Ref. Z 1361 .N39 T78 this is an annotated bibliography on Afro-American literature divided into sections on aids to research, background sources, literary history and criticism and Afro-American writers. The guides to research include bibliographies, guides to collections, reference tools and specialized periodicals. The background bibliographies list general sources on Afro-Americans useful to researchers in Afro-American literature. Anthologies and works of literary criticism are also listed. Author entries include listings of work by the author, bibliographies about him or her, and works of biography and criticism about him or her. 3. Black American Poetry Since 1944: A Preliminary Checklist Ref Z 1361 .N39 D4x An unannotated list of poetry by Black authors. This supplements North american Negro Poets (Ref. z 1361 .n39 p61) lists writer of poetry from 1760-1944. 4. Black Rhetoric: A Guide to Afro-American Communication Ref. Z 1361 .n39 P6 This is a checklist and union list of Afro-American poetry written before 1945. It is updated by Black American Poetry Since 1944: A Preliminary Checklist. (ref Z 1361 .N39 D4x) Religion 1. Afro-American Religious Studies. Ref. Z 1361 .N39 W55 A bibliography on every aspect of the Black religious experience in the U.S., as well as a source of bibliographies that give background information on indigenous and Christian religions in Africa. 2. Black Women and Religion Ref. Z1361 .n39 R53 An annotated bibliography of literature, music, art and general books, articles, audiovisual materials and reference materials on Black women and religion. The Young, the Old, Women and Families 1. American Black Women in the Arts and Social Sciences. Ref. Z1361 .N39 R324 1977 A list of reference books, anthologies, literature and historical, social and cultural studies on Black women. There are also listings of books and other works by and biographies and criticisms of individuals. 2. Black and Mexican American Aging: A Selected Bibliography Ref. Z 1361 .N39 R324 1977 Brief unannotated bibliographies of publications, papers, dissertations, and government documents on Black and Chicano aging. there is also a brief bibliography on other bibliographies. 3. Black Child Development in America 1927-1977. Ref. Z 1361 .N39 M94 Extensive and thoroughly annotated bibliographies on the language, physical, cognitive, personality and social development of Black children. There is a critical introductory essay describing controversies in the field. 4. Black Children and Their Families. Ref. Z 1361 .N39 D898 An extensive bibliography on Black family life. Listed are books and articles on adoption, education, health and health care, family life, life in the Black community, mental health and sex, contraception and family planning, as well as a "kaledescopic view". Other bibliographies and reference are included. 5. The Black Family in the United States. Ref. Z 1361 .N39 D355 An annotated bibliography of books, articles, and dissertations on many aspects of U.S. Black family life, including slavery, religion, occupations, economics, education, health, and sex. Sections are devoted to urban and rural families as well as poor, lower-class and middle class families. History 1. Afro-American History: A Bibliography. Ref. Z 1361 .N39 S56 An annotated bibliography on all eras in Black history up to 1975. There is an index to more specific subjects. 2. Afro-American History Volume II Ref. Z 1361 .N39 S56 v.2 This is an update of Afro-American History: A Bibliography that includes more recent abstracts of the period up to 1975 and some abstracts of developments since then. 3. Black Contributions to the American West. Ref. Z 1361 .N39 A27 A bibliography and union list of all aspects of Afro-American life in Montana, wyoming, New Mexico, Idaho, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Washington, Oregon, California, Alaska, and Hawaii 4. Blacks in Minnesota: A Preliminary Guide to Historical Sources. Z 1361 .N39 T27 This is brief bibliography on all aspects of Black history in Minnesota. Oral interviews, manuscripts, and some books are annotated and there is also information on photographs of notable Afro-Americans and buildings important in Black Minnesota history. 5. A Layman's Guide to Negro History. Ref. Z 1361 .N39 S23 1967 A chronology and bibliography on Black history. There are bibliographies on specific periods, such as pre-Civil War America; specific subjects such as social and economic aspects of Black history; and on specific media information such as records, film strips and critical materials. 6. The Ohio Black History Guide. Ref. Z 1361 .N39 055 Printed materials, dissertations, theses, manuscripts, government records and audiovisual materials on Black life and history in Ohio. Manuscript and government entries are annotated. Social Sciences 1. Black-White Racial Attitudes. ref. Z 1361 .N39 028 This is an annotated bibliography on racial attitudes in children, young people and adults. There is a brief introductory essay as well as author and subject indexes. 2. The Economics of Minorities. Ref. Z 1361 .N39 G26 1976x An annotated bibliography on economics and members of racial minorities. Most of this work is on Afro-American but there are also chapters on Native Americans, and Spanish Americans. The Afro-American chapters are on the quality and economic returns of black education; Black migration; residential housing markets; economic development of the Black community; Black consumers; how the manpower policies of the business community affect Afro-Americans and the labor movement and the government. 3. Poverty, Participation, Protest, Power and Black Americans. Ref. Z 1361 .M39 D9 An annotated bibliography of Black social work and activism. 4. The Study and Analysis of Black Politics. Ref. Z 1361 .N39 W29 An unannotated bibliography of Black people and political activity, major political parties, national elections, international politics, urban politics, public roles, and the Supreme Court. There are also bibliographies on Black pressure groups and politicians and Black political behavior and political thought. There is an introductory essay of Black politics and each chapter opens with a brief overview. C. COM Catalog Many titles on Afro-American subjects and more specific topics are listed in the subject section of the COM catalog. There are several ways to get subject headings. 1. Experiment - Think up a subject term yourself or draw some from the literature. If nothing is listed under that term, either similar terms are used or there is a "see" or "see also" reference. Another approach is to start with a very specific term and then more general terms if the specific one is not listed. 2. Library of Congress Subject Headings - Ask for this at the reference desk. This source lists terms used in our catalog as well as related terms and call numbers. 3. Tracings - When you find a course, check for relevant subject headings at the bottom of the card and use them to find other sources. 4. Call Number - Look up any source you find by call number on the shelf. While you are there, browse through he shelf for similar titles. D. Online Searching 1. To search or not to search--Doing an online search can be a quick way of finding many sources on your subject. this can save a great deal of time. Some databases also have more information online than in printed form. On the other hand, a search can be very expensive, especially if the subject is very complex. there is also no guarantee that you will get a good deal of relevant data in your results. It is best to have a search done when you are trying to combine two or more subjects or aspects of subjects that are not readily available in a printed database. Multidisciplinary searches can also be done on a number of databases, but this can be very expensive. 2. Information available online that is relevant to Afro-American studies a. citations and in some cases, whole articles. b. statistics c. other information 3. Databases relevant to Afro-America studies that can be searched online a. America: History and Life b. Biography Master Index c. BLS Employment, Hours, and Earnings d. Cerdata e. Donnelly Demographics f. ERIC g. Family Resources h. Magazine Index i. MLA Bibliographies j. PAIS International k. Psychinfo Revisions Fall 1991 by Andy Stanford, graduate assistant, Department of History, WKU. Bergman, Peter. The Chronological History of the Negro in America, Ref. E 185.B46 Encyclopedia of Black America, ed. W.A. Low, Ref. E 185.E55 Adler, Mortimer, van Dorn, Ducas, eds. The Negro in American History, Three Volumes, ref. E 185.N4 Garwood, Alfred. Black Americans; A Statistical Sourcebook, 1990 edition, Ref. E. 185.5 .B5x Smith, Darren. Black Americans Information Directory 1990-1991, Ref. E. 185.5 .B513 Statistical Record of Black America, Ref. E 185.5 .S73x. Cantor, George. Historic Landmarks of Black America, Ref. E 185.53 Al C36. U.S. Bureau of Census, Negroes in the U.S. 1920-1932, Ref. E 185.6 .U5853 Ianniello, Lynne. Milestones Along the March; 12 Historic Civil Rights Documents from World War II to Selma Ref. E. 185.61 I2 Rabinowitz, Howard. Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era, Ref. E 185.92 .S68. African Heritage Bibliography ref. Z 1361 .N39 A275x The Black Experience: A Bibliography of Bibliographies 1970-1975 Ref. Z 1361 .N39 B67 Black Adolescence: Current Issues and annotated Bibliography, Ref. Z 1361 .N39 B495 Black Immigration and Ethnicity in the United States Ref. Z 1361 .n39 B553 Blacks in America Ref. Z 1361 .N39 B56 Brignano, Russell. Black Americans in Autobiography Ref. z 1361 .N39 B67 The Black Aged in the U.S., Ref. Z 1361 .N39 D354 Davis, Nathaniel. Afro-American Reference, Ref. Z 1361 .N37 Dunmore, Charlotte. Poverty, Participation, Protest, Power, and Black Americans, Ref. Z 1361 .N39 D9 Walton, Hanes. Study and Analysis of Black Politics, Ref. z 1361 .N39 W29 Williams, Ora, American Black Women, Ref. Z 1361 .N39 W56 A Bibliography of the Negro in Africa and America, Ref. Z 1361 .N39 W 8 Western Kentucky University, Libraries Update,4 (Fall 1991): 1-2. Ethnic and Cultural Diversity In America: An Overview of Resources in University Libraries Our ethnically diverse and multicultural society, of which the university is a microcosm, presents unparalleled opportunities and challenges for a university library to build useful collections that cover a broad spectrum of interests, issues, and information for diverse populations. Terms like "affirmative action," "quotas," "diversity," and "multiculturalism" have shaped discussion for increasing numbers of books and journals. This article focuses on recent books acquired by WKU Libraries that describe either specific American ethnic minorities or that treat particular issues currently debated. Also, the reader will find suggestions on how to identify other relevant works by using the online catalog TOPCAT. Among major general sources are two award winners: Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (Reference E 184 .A1 H35); and, We the People: An Atlas of American Ethnic Diversity (atlas E 184 .A1 A479 1988), also located in the reference area. For specific ethnic or racial groups, the following titles merit attention: African Americans: Middle Passage by Charles Johnson, a fictional but realistic account of the slave trade in the 1830s, won the 1990 National Book Award (PS 3560 .03735 M5 1990); Black Women in the United States History, a 16-volume set published in 1990 (E 185.86 .B543 1990); Martin Luther King, Jr. and Civil Rights Movement, a 14-volume series published in 1989; and The Schomburg Library of Nineteenth-Century Black Women Writers in 25 volumes appeared in 1988. To locate additional resources on this topic on TOPCAT, key in s=Afro-Americans. To locate other books on more general topiccs discussing ethnic and cultural diversity, try the following keyword searches on TOPCAT: Affirmative Action k=affirmative adj action Multiculturalism k=multicultural$.ti Cultural Diversity k=cultural same divers$ Minorities k=minorit$ (generates over 100 titles) Race Relations k=race adj relations Always feel free to ask a librarian for additional assistance in using the online catalog or the microfiche catalog to find all the material you need for research, personal interest, or other projects. Book titles treating general issues of cultural and ethnic diversity are: The Content of Our Character: A New Vision of Race in America, 1990 (E 185.615.S723); Phoenix Arising: A Psycho-cultural Perspective on African American Issues up to the 21st Century, 1990 (in process under document number 698485); Minorities on Campus: A Handbook for Enhancing Diversity (LC 3731 .M5574 1989); Achieving Quality and Diversity: Universities in a Multicultural Society (LC 3727 .R52 1991); and, Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus (LA 227 .4 .D77 1991). In October 1993, the Periodicals Department(non-circulating) has begun receiving the Louisville Defender. Microfilm copies of 1951-1968 issues of the Louisville Defender are also available.