Ancient Schools / Philosophical Traditions

Platonism:

Plato, Philo, Plutarch, Galen, Plotinus (Neo-Platonism).

Plato esp. influenced by Parmenides, other Presocratics, Socrates.

Platonism (esp. Neo-Platonism) influences early Christian philosophy, e.g., Augustine, Boethius,

Neo-Platonic arguments not derived from Plato were taken up by George Berkeley.

Aristotelianism:

Aristotle, Theophrastus, Alexander of Aphrodisias.

Influenced by major Presocratics, Plato and Greek culture generally.

Influences Arab philosophers like Ibn Rushd; also later medieval Christian philosophers and Scholastics such as Thomas Aquinas.

Stoicism:

Zeno of Citium, Chrysippus, Diogenes of Babylon, Panaetius, Posidonius, Seneca, Musonius Rufus, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius.

Influenced by Heraclitus, Socrates, Cynics, somewhat by Plato and Aristotle.

Influences ethical position of Cicero, Augustine, Boethius.

Roman-era Stoics sometimes inspire individuals today (See Tom Wolfe's novel, A Man in Full.)

Epicureanism:

Epicurus, Diogenes of Oenanda, Lucretius.

Epicurean physics influenced by (but modifies) Democritus' atomism and earlier hedonist thinkers.

Influences early modern natural philosophy; possibly Jeremy Bentham's philosophical hedonism.

Skepticism:

Academic Skeptics (Archelaus, Carneades, Cicero).

Pyrrhonist Skeptics (Pyrrho, Sextus Empiricus).

Academics were inspired by "early" ("aporetic") Socrates, Sophists.

Skepticism influences much later thinkers such as Michel Montaigne, David Hume.

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Major ancient literary sources for ancient philosophical perspectives other than their own:

Marcus Tullius Cicero, Tusculan Disputations, On the Nature of the Gods, On Ends,etc.

Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Philosophers

Various works by Sextus Empiricus