Sociology 561

Spring 2015
MW 5:05pm —  6:25pm
GH 143

Professor

Douglas Clayton Smith

Office

126 Grise Hall

Office Phone

270-745-3750

Email

douglas.smith@wku.edu

"Interactionism insists on being a humble theory, not claiming too much and not dealing with major abstractions and false dualisms. Indeed the real task of an interactionist is simply to look at social life as people ‘do things together.’; its core interests lie in the doing of ethnographies and in the intimate familiarity with ongoing social… worlds. It is a hands-on ‘down-to-earth’ empirical approach… In general, the tradition is one steeped in the exploration and inspection of data." — Ken Plummer (2003)

"The symbolic interactionist point of view requires you to take into account more things than almost any other perspective. At least, it disposes you to do your research in such a way that if anything is obviously (or not so obviously) affecting the phenomenon you want to understand, you’ll be free to take advantage of finding that out. This distinguishes it from other kinds of research which, for either theoretical or technical reasons, limit your view of what’s relevant so that you just don’t see those other factors which might be important." — Howard S. Becker (1970)

"Few other social science approaches have made so deep and explicit a commitment to complex questions. Interactionists should not stop asking those questions. Quite the contrary, to remove that complexity—to simplify interactionism—would destroy its essence." — Kevin Mihata (2002)

Course Description

This is a graduate course designed to provide depth and breadth of understanding in the sociological perspective known as symbolic interactionism. Students will read original analyses concerning the philosophical foundations of the perspective, research methods and theory construction, application to various substantive domains, and variations in theoretical expression and combinations with related perspectives. Upon completion of this course, the competent student will increase their knowledge about the symbolic interactionist perspective and its substantive contributions; improve their skills of reading, analyzing, and evaluating sociological research; and stimulate their thinking about their own research.

Course Requirements

The fundamental requirements are as follows: 

  1. Read and acquire a basic understanding of all assigned materials for each class, 
  2. be prepared each class to discuss those materials and explore ideas contained in them, 
  3. prepare discussion issues/questions for each section of readings and turn them in at the end of the class in which we cover the section.  These should not be less than one and not more than three typed pages in length. The goal of these assignments is to provide an incentive for students to read and critically thinkn about the material. They will be graded on the following scale: 2 = good, solid coverage and analysis of readings; 1 = minimal, superficial coverage and analysis, 0 = did not turn them in. Lastly, 
  4. Write six short readings-focused papers, 5-8 pages long, typed, double-spaced. In them, students will focus on the question, "What do I know and understand now that I didn't know, or misunderstood, before these readings?" This strategy makes students do what good scholars must always do; constantly explore the boundaries of ignorance and knowledge.  The first of these papers must be handed in on Monday, February 16; the second on Wednesday, March 4; the third on March 25; the fourth on April 8; the fifth on April 22; and the sixth on May 6.

Grades will be determined based on performance in these areas.

Course Outline

The literature surrounding symbolic interaction is vast. There is no way we can cover it all in just a semester. So, below is my attempt to organize a tour of this area. In selecting the readings, I have attempted to give you examples of excellent interactionist research on many interesting topics. I also have attempted to introduce you to different groups of interactionists. The purpose is to give you a conceptual scheme around which to organize your own continuing reading and interpretation fo the literature.  

Class Period

Topics and Readings

Monday, January 26 1 Introductory matters; objectives; getting organized.
Wednesday, January 28

2 Historical Roots and Philosophical Foundation: American Pragmatism

Required Readings:

Charles Sanders Peirce, "How to Make Our Ideas Clear" (1878)
James, William , (1904). "What Pragmatism Means".
John Dewey, "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" (1896)
John Dewey, "Nature, Communication, and Meaning," Chapter 5 of Experience and Nature (1929), pp. 166-207
Charles Horton Cooley, "Social and Individual Aspects of the Mind," Chapter 1 and "The Significance of Communication," Chapter 6 of Social Organization (1909), pp. 1-22, 61-65
Mead, "The Social Self" The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 10(14):374-380.
Mead, "A Behavioristic Account of the Significant Symbol" (1922) The Journal of Philosophy pp. 157-163
Mead, "Cooley's Contribution to American Social Thought," (1930) American Journal of Sociology pp. 693-706
Becker, Ernest. 1981. "From Animal to Human Reactivity." Pp. 91-95 in Social Psychology Through Symbolic Interaction, 2nd ed., edited by Gregory Stone and Harvey Farberman. New York: Wiley.
David Maines, "G.H. Mead's Theory of Time and Social Order" Chapter 2 in The Faultline of Consciousness (2001) pp. 37-54 in The Faultline of Consciousness. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine.
Dmitri Shalin, "Pragmatism and Social Interactionism" American Sociological Review 51(1986):9-29.
Monday, February 2

Class Cancelled: At Annual Meetings of SRSA

Monday, February 9

3 The Chicago School -- SI is Born

Small and Vincent. 1894. "Introduction," "The Relation of Sociology to the Special Social Sciences" and "The Organic Conception of Society." from An Introduction to the Study of Society. New York: American Book Company
Robert Park. 1927. "Human Nature and Collective Behavior." American Journal of Sociology 32:733-741.
W.I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki. 1927. "The Social Personality: Organization of Attitudes." from The Polish Peasant in Europe and America.
Ellsworth Faris. 1928. "Attitudes and Behavior." American Journal of Sociology 33:271-280.
Robert Park. 1928. "Human Migration and the Marginal Man." American Journal of Sociology 33:881-893.
Herbert Blumer. 1937. "Social Psychology." from Man and Society, edited by E. Schmidt.
Howard S. Becker. 1953. "The Professional Dance Musician and His Audience." American Journal of Sociology 57(2):136-144.
Everett C. Hughes. 1962. "What Other?" in Human Behavior and Social Processes, edited by A. Rose. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
Arnold Rose. 1962. "A Systematic Summary of Symbolic Interaction Theory." in Human Behavior and Social Processes, edited by A. Rose. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
Herbert Blumer. 1966. Sociological Implications of the Thought of George Herbert Mead." American Journal of Sociology 50(5):353-359.
David R. Maines, Jeffery C. Bridger, and Jeffery T. Ulmer. 2001. "Consequential Distortions of Park's Theory of Human Ecology." pp. 69-95 in The Faultline of Consciousness. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine.
Monday, February 16

4 The Iowa School

Kuhn, Manford and Thomas S. McPartland. 1954. "An Empirical Investigation of Self-Attitudes." American Sociological Review 19(1):68-76.
Melzer and Petras. 1970. "The Chicago and Iowa Schools of Symbolic Interactionism." 
Dan E. Miller, Robert A. Hintz, and Carl Couch. 1975. "The Elements and Structures of Openings." The Sociological Quarterly 16(4):479-499.
Carl Couch. 1984. "Symbolic Interaction and Generic Sociological Principles." 
Couch, 1986. "Elementary Forms of Social Activity." 
Sink and Couch. 1986. "The Construction of Interpersonal Negotiations."
Katovich, 1986. "Temporal Stages of Situated Activity and Identity Activation." 
Sheldon Stryker and Peter Burke. 2000. "The Past, Present, and Future of Identity Theory." Social Psychological Quarterly 63(4):284-297.
Alicia Cast. 2003. "Power and the Ability to Define the Situation." Social Psychology Quarterly 66(3):185-201.
Peter J. Burke. 2004. "Identities and Social Structure: The 2003 Cooley-Mead Award Address." Social Psychology Quarterly 67(1):5-15.
Dan Miller. 2011. "Toward a Theory of Interaction: The Iowa School." Symbolic Interaction 34(3):340-348.

Paper 1 due

Monday, February 23 Winter Storm Killed Class
Monday, March 2

5 Research Methods

W.I. Thomas and Florian Zaniecki. 1927. "Methodological Note: Attitude and Value." from The Polish Peasant in Europe and America. 
Herbert Blumer. 1931. "Science Without Concepts."American Journal of Sociology 36(4):515-533.
Herbert Blumer. 1939. "Transcript of the Conference Proceedings, Morning Session." from Blumer's An Appraisal of Thomas and Znaniecki's The Polish Peasant in Europe and America.
Herbert Blumer. 1940 "Problem with the Concept in Social Psychology." American Journal of Sociology 45(5):707-719. 
Herbert Blumer. 1956. "Sociological Analysis and the 'Variable'" American Sociological Review 21(6):683-690.
Tucker. 1966. "Some Methodological Problems with Kuhn's Self Theory" The Sociological Quarterly 7(3):345-358.
Saxton and Couch. 1975. "Recording Social Interaction." 
Turner and Schutte. 1981. "The True Self Method for Studying Self Conceptions."
Michael Katovich, 1984. "Symbolic Interactionism and Experimentation: The Laboratory as a Provocative Stage."
Peter Hall. 1995. "The Consequences of Qualitative Analysis for Sociological Theory: Beyond the Microlevel." The Sociological Quarterly 36:397-424.
Jeffrey Ulmer. 2001. "Mythic Facts and Herbert Blumer's Work on Race Relations." The Sociological Quarterly 42(2):289-296.
Elijah Anderson. 2003. "Jelly's Place: An Ethnographic Memoir." Symbolic Interaction 26:217-237.
Jeffrey Ulmer and Mindy S. Wilson. 2003. "The Potential Contributions of Quantitative Research to Symbolic Interactionism." Symbolic Interaction 26(4):531-552.
Monday, March 9 Spring Break
Monday, March 16 Catch up on any reading not yet done. (22) 
John P. Hewitt. 2003. "Symbols, Objects, and Meanings." Pp. 307-326 in The Handbook of Symbolic Interaction, edited by Larry T. Reynolds and Nancy J. Herman-Kinney. New York: Rowman and Littlefield. (10)
W.I. Thomas and D.S. Thomas. 1928. "The Definition of the Situation" Pp. 571-573 and 575 from The Child in America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. (2)
Tomatsu Shibutani. 1962. "Reference Groups and Social Control." Human Behavior and Social Processes: An Interactionist Approach. Pp. 129-147. (10)

 

Monday, March 23 6Self and Social Interaction (113)
Gregory Stone. 1962. "Appearance and the Self" pp. 187-202 in Social Psychology through Symbolic Interactionism, edited by Gregory Stone and Harvey Farberman. New York: Macmillan. (17)
Howard S. Becker. 1964. "Personal Changes in Adult Life." Sociometry 27(1):40-53. (13)
Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss. 1964. "Awareness Contexts and Social Interaction." American Sociological Review 29(5):669-679. (10)
Edward Gross and Gregory P. Stone. 1964. "Embarrassment and the Analysis of Role Requirements." American Journal of Sociology 70(1):1-15. (15)
McCall and Simmons. 1966. "The Stolen Base as a Social Object." (2)
Thomas Scheff. 1967. "Toward a Sociological Model of Consensus." American Sociological Review 32(1):32-46. (15)
Gregory Stone. 1977. "Personal Acts." Symbolic Interaction 1(1):2-19. (18)
Michael Katovich and Carl Couch. 1992. "The Nature of Social Pasts and Their Use as Foundations for Situated Action." Symbolic Interaction 15(1):25-47. (23)

Paper 2 due

Monday, March 30 120
Lonnie Athens. 1994. "The Self as Soliloquy." The Sociological Quarterly 35(3):521-532. (12)
Terri Orbuch. 1997. "People's Accounts Count: The Sociology of Accounts." Annual Review of Sociology 23:455-478. (24)
David Altheide. 2000. "Identity and the Definition of the Situation in a Mass-Mediated Context." Symbolic Interaction 23(1):1-27. (26)
Andrew J. Weigert and Viktor Gecas. 2003. "Self." Pp. 267-289 in The Handbook of Symbolic Interaction, edited by Larry T. Reynolds and Nancy J. Herman-Kinney. New York: Rowman and Littlefield. (12)
George J. McCall. 2003. "Interaction." Pp. 327-348 in The Handbook of Symbolic Interaction, edited by Larry T. Reynolds and Nancy J. Herman-Kinney. New York: Rowman and Littlefield. (12)
Cheryl A. Albas and Daniel C. Albas. 2003. "Motives." Pp. 349-366 in The Handbook of Symbolic Interaction, edited by Larry T. Reynolds and Nancy J. Herman-Kinney. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.(10)
Kevin D. Vryan, Patricia A. Adler, and Peter Adler. 2003. "Identity." Pp. 267-289 in The Handbook of Symbolic Interaction, edited by Larry T. Reynolds and Nancy J. Herman-Kinney. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.(13)
Norman A. Dolch. 2003. "Role." Pp. 267-289 in The Handbook of Symbolic Interaction, edited by Larry T. Reynolds and Nancy J. Herman-Kinney. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.(11)

 

Monday, April 6 Social Organization and Structure (119)
Everett Hughes. 1945. "Dilemmas and Contradictions of Status." American Journal of Sociology 50(5)353-359. (7)
Herbert Blumer. 1948. "Public Opinion and Public Opinion Polling." American Sociological Review 13(5): 542-549 (8)
Gregory P. Stone and William H. Form. 1953. "Instabilities in Status: The Problem of Hierarchy in the Community Study of Status Arrangements." American Sociological Review 18(2): 149-162 (14)
Herbert Blumer. 1954. "Social Structure and Power Conflict." Industrial Conflict : 232-239 (7)
Herbert Blumer. 1958. "Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position." Pacific Sociological Review 1(1): 3-7. (5)
Herbert Blumer. 1962. "Society as Symbolic Interaction."
Harvey A. Farberman. 1975. "A Criminogenic Market Structure: the Automobile Industry." The Sociological Quarterly 16(4): 438-457 (20)
Denzin, Norman K. 1977. "Notes on the Criminogenic Hypothesis: A Case Study of the American Liquor Industry." American Sociological Review : 905-920 (16)
Anselm L. Strauss. 1978. "A Social Worlds Perspective." Studies in symbolic interaction 1: 119-128 (6)
David Unruh. 1980. "The Nature of Social Worlds." Pacific Sociological Review 23(3):271-296. (26)
 
Monday, April 13 127
Peter M. Hall. 1987. "Interactionism and the Study of Social Organization." The Sociological Quarterly 28(1):1-22. (22)
Gil Richard Musolf. 1992. "Structure, Institutions, Power, and Ideology: New Directions within Symbolic Interactionism" The Sociological Quarterly 33(2):171-189. (19)
Strauss 1993. Chapters on Arenas and Negotiated Order. (20)
Lawrence Bobo and Vincent L. Hutchings. 1996. "Perceptions of racial group competition: Extending Blumer's theory of group position to a multiracial social context." American Sociological Review 61(6):951-972 (22)
Peter M. Hall. 1997. "Meta-Power, Social Organization, and the Shaping of Social Action." Symbolic Interaction 20(4): 397-418 (22)
Michael A. Katovich and David R. Maines. 2003. "Society." Pp. 289-306 in The Handbook of Symbolic Interaction, edited by Larry T. Reynolds and Nancy J. Herman-Kinney. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.(10)
Gideon Sjoberg, Elizabeth A. Gill and Joo Ean Tan. 2003. "Social Organization." Pp. 411-432 in The Handbook of Symbolic Interaction, edited by Larry T. Reynolds and Nancy J. Herman-Kinney. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.(12)

Paper 3 due

Monday, April 20 The Contemporary Place of SI
Carl Couch. 1992. "Toward a Formal Theory of Social Processes" Symbolic Interaction 15:117-134. (18)
Gary Alan Fine. 1993. "The Sad Demise, Mysterious Disappearance, and Glorious Triumph of Symbolic Interactionism." Annual Review of Sociology 19: 61-87. (27)
David Maines. 2001. Chapter 1 and 11 in The Faultline of Consciousness. (28)
Peter Hall. 2003. "Interactionism, Social Organization, and Social Processes: Looking Back and Moving Ahead." Symbolic Interaction 26(1):33-55. (23)
 
Monday, April 27 Substantive Applications 

Recycling / Waste

Ed Petkus. 1992. "Implications of the Symbolic Interactionist Perspective For the Study of Environmentally-Responsible Consumption", in NA - Advances in Consumer Research Volume 19, eds. John F. Sherry, Jr. and Brian Sternthal, Provo, UT : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 861-869. http://www.acrwebsite.org/search/view-conference-proceedings.aspx?Id=7403
Ann Herda-Rapp. 2000. "Gender Identity Expansion and Negotiation in the Toxic Waste Movement." The Sociological Quarterly 41(3):431-442.
Gail Markle. 2014. "Accounting for the Performance of Environmentally Significant Behavior: The Symbolic Significance of Recycling. Symbolic Interaction 37(2):246-263.

Povery/Inequality/Gender

Leon Anderson and David. A. Snow. 2001. "Inequality and the Self: Exploring Connections from an Interactionist Perspective." Symbolic Interaction 24(4):395-406.
Carrie Yodanis. 2002. "Producing Social Class Representations: Women's Work in a Rural Town." Gender and Society 16(3):323-344.
Margie L. Kiter Edwards. 2004. "We're Decent People: Constructing and Managing Family Identity in Rural Working-Class Communities." Journal of Marriage and Family 66(2):515-529.

Contraception

Monica Longmore. 1998. "Symbolic Interactionism and the Study of Sexuality." The Journal of Sex Research 35(1):44-57
Viktor Gecas and Roger Libby. 1976. "Sexual Behavior as Symbolic Interaction." The Journal of Sex Research 12(1):33-49.
Sinikka Elliott. 2010. "Parents' Constructions of Teen Sexuality: Sex Panics, Contradictory Discourses, and Social Inequality." Symbolic Interaction 33(2):191-212.
Monday, May 4 Mediated Interaction
Laura Robinson. 2007. "The Cyberself: The Self-ing Project Goes Online, Symbolic Interaction in the Digital Age." New Media & Society 9(1):93-110.
Bernie Hogan. 2010. "The Presentation of Self in the Age of Social Media: Distinguishing Performances and Exhibitions Online." Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society XX(X):1-10.
Simon Evans 2012. "Virtual Selves, Real Relationships: An Exploration of the Context and Role for Social Interactions in the Emergence of Self in Virtual Environments." Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science 46(4):512-528. 

Music

Jose van Dijck. 2006. "Record and Hold: Popular Music between Personal and Collective Memory." Critical Studies in Media Communication 23(5):357-374.
Danielle Bessett. 2006. "'Don't Step on My Groove!': Gender and the Social Experience of Rock." Symbolic Interaction 29(1):49-62.
Gretchen Larsen, Rob Lawson, and Sarah Todd. 2009. "The Consumption of Music as Self-Representation in Social Interaction." Australasain Marketing Journal 17(1):16-26.

Computer Gaming

Nicolas Ducheneaut and Robert J. Moore. 2005. "More than just 'XP': Learning Social Skills in Massively Multiplayer Online Games." Interactive Technology & Smart Education 2:89-100.
J. Patrick Williams and David Kirschner. "Elements of Social Action: A Micro-Analytic Approach to the Study of Collaborative Behavior in Digital Games." http://www.digra.org/wp-content/uploads/digital-library/paper_254.pdf
J. Patrick Williams, David Kirschner, and Zahirah Suhaimi-Broder. 2014. "Structural Roles in Massively Multiplayer Online Games: A Case Study of Guild and Raid Leaders in World of Warcraft." Studies in Symbolic Interaction 43:121-142.

Paper 4 due