Professor:  

Douglas Smith
104 Grise Hall Phone:  (270) 745-2152
Department of Sociology Email:  Douglas.Smith@wku.edu
Western Kentucky University Webpage:  www.wku.edu/~Douglas.Smith/
1906 College Heights Blvd. #11057
Bowling Green, KY 42101-1057
Office Hours: by appointment

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course is an amalgam of the major ideas in what are presently seen as two separate but highly interrelated areas of sociology:  the sociology of risk and the sociology of disaster.  The demands of syllabus writing force me to act like there is more coherence to these fields than there actually is.  There is a heck of a lot written on disasters, hazards, crises, catastrophes, etc. that do not include risk and there is a heck of a lot of material on risk that doesn't focus on disasters.  Yet, I do not feel that one can adequately think about risk without thinking about types of risks that are perceived as meaningful.  Disasters are certainly meaningful causes for concern.  Moreover, I don't think that you can talk about disasters, especially the ideas of disaster mitigation and preparedness, without weighing the costs, the benefits, AND the risks.

The materials in these fields are quite broad and drawn from several disciplines and subdisciplines within sociology, psychology, geography, public administration, and public health.  This is one of the things that makes risk and disaster literature fun to read, but it can also make you crazy.  That is, reading lots of things from lots of different perspectives is intellectually broadening in a way that becomes increasingly more difficult to sustain as your career proceeds.  At the same time, if your goal is to deepen sociological knowledge then works outside the discipline can be maddening.  The distance between dilettante and polymath, often hidden behind claims to inter-disciplinary commitment, is largely one of will and application.  I'm sure that we will make every effort to keep the sociology in the foreground.

This is a talk class.  I do not plan to lecture...doing so would limit discussion and the opportunity for students to make their discussion points.  To facilitate discussion, it would probably be useful to write a page of questions that you think should be covered to adequately treat that days topic and have them with you to work from.  However, I am not making such a sheet a course requirement.

TEXTS:

Currently, there will be no texts for this course.  Instead a reading packet will be provided on CD.  

COURSE REQUIREMENTS:

Attendance. I expect you to be in class.  To encourage class attendance I will distribute sign-in sheets on randomly selected days.  I will also pass out a sign-in sheet if it is requested by class members.  Attendance points will be levied based on your attendance on the days the sign in sheets are passed out.  10% of grade.

Discussion.  Again, this is a talk class.  I do not want to lecture.  So you have to participate in class discussion.  This makes preparation key, since it is not possible to participate intelligently if you don't know what you are talking about.  

All evaluation of your discussion is subjective. I lay out the point structure that I am going to use to evaluate discussion not so you can "figure out" your discussion grade. You can't.  Only I can.  Still I do provide this as a template which you can use to try to aim for a particular grade. I hope that you can use this rubric as a way to improve the quality of your discussion, not only in this course but in others as well.

3 points 2 points 1 point 0 points
Statements contribute to ongoing conversations, as replies to questions or comments, or as new questions or comments.  Their statements usually generate responses.  Student doesn't make a single statement and then just abandon it.   Some statements contribute to ongoing conversations, but others are disconnected.  If the student starts a new discussion, sometimes they follow up and sometimes they don't.  Student tries to further class discussion but is not successful a significant number of times.  Or, student makes a significant number of off the cuff statements that don't contribute to discussion substantively. Statements are unconnected to what others are saying and/or not on a topic relevant to this course, as if there is no conversation.  No replies to other students.  Student never answers someone else's question.  When student asks a question, there is no acknowledgement to any responses. Not being there or being present but not participating.

This is not a checklist.  Learning is not a guaranteed process and it doesn't happen the same way for every person.  

Note that in the descriptions I am indicating tendencies rather than absolute rules. For example, it's perfectly all right to say "Gee, I didn't know that." or "I agree." or "Here's something that just struck me as interesting". Those are normal parts of conversation.  But when the majority of a student's comments are these sort of comments, that's not engaging in discussion. That's just talking about the past. There's a difference, and that difference will be reflected in the grade. 

Currently I plan to evaluate discussion weekly for each person in the class.  You can be "on" on Monday and not on Wednesday and still get a 3.  There are 14 weeks in the semester which means that your discussion grade could range between 0 and 42 points.  This points will be translated into 10% of your final grade.

Exams There will be a midterm and a final.  The midterm will be worth 20% of your final grade and the final will account for 25% your grade.

Term Paper Your grade on the term paper will be based upon the definition of a topic, the scope and thoroughness of your research, and the quality of your writing.  All students will be expected to go beyond a simple narrative of events to explore critically and analytically the meaning and larger significance of their topic.  That is, you must put forward and support an argument and draw clear conclusions.  

The topic is yours to choose, but is subject to my approval.  Given the scope of this course, you have flexibility to pursue your own interests.  You may want to examine a particular disaster and its effects or you may want to focus on disaster mitigation or response or you may want to look at some aspect of risk.  (For other topic ideas, please take a look at the Box on the Annual Hazards and Disasters Student Paper Competition.)  I would suggest avoiding comparative papers that treat two big subjects superficially; it would be better to explore just one subject in detail.  I encourage you to discuss topics with me (and with your other professors, students, family, and friends), but you need to be the one deciding on the topic that you like. Do not expect me to choose one for you.

By February 22, 2006 you will need to submit a topic proposal.  The topic proposal will be worth 10% of your grade.  This topic proposal It should be typed, up to two pages in length, and consist of three element:  1) a general, single-paragraph statement of the topic; 2) a preliminary thesis statement; 3) preliminary bibliography.  The thesis statement should be a succinct statement of your basic conclusion--the point you plan to argue.  This is only a preliminary thesis; you are not locked in and are free to change it.  My main concern is that you demonstrate your understanding of an argument.  

The preliminary bibliography can be in any format (ASA, APA, MLA, etc.) just as long as you remain consistent.  Secondary works must include books and periodicals of reputable scholarly value.  Encyclopedias, Time-Life books, and various illustrated magazines are not acceptable secondary sources.  For the purposes of the proposal and the final paper, web pages are also not acceptable.  You are free to use encyclopedias, Time-Life books, various illustrated magazines, and web pages as sources, exercising due caution regarding their reliability.  However, the five sources required for the preliminary bibliography and the seven required for the final paper must come from library holdings (TOPCAT, EBSCOHOST, J-STOR, etc.) or other sources cleared with me first. 

I will grade your term paper according to the following guidelines:  read and follow them carefully.  

1)  Excluding title page and bibliography, the paper must be not less than 12 nor more than 25 pages long.  The paper must be neatly typed, double-spaced, with one-inch margins on all sides (You should have a two inch margin at the top of the first page.)  Be sure to include page numbers.  Do not use unusual type faces and do not use any font smaller than 10pt or larger than 12pt.

2) I prefer parenthetical references.  You must make full and complete citations of all ideas borrowed, whether directly or paraphrased; failure to do so constitutes plagarism.  You must demonstrate that you have explored the existing literature carefully.  This means that you must cite the relevant materials in the body of the text; simply padding the bibliography with references that you do not cite is not acceptable.

3) Your paper must include a title page and bibliography. 

4) You must present a clear thesis, an argument about an issue over which there can be substantive disagreement.  Do not simply recite what happened, but give an explanation for why events unfolded in a particular way and with what repercussions.  This is the heart of the assignment, and you should devote the greatest attention to it.  Finally, you should present some form of conclusion or summary as an epilogue.  

5)  This a formal writing assignment.  Grammatical and stylistic errors will lower your grade, so proofread your work carefully:  you will not lose any points for errors that you correct with a pen.  Do not submit your work in any kind of folder:  your work should be neatly stapled--not paper clipped--in the upper left corner (only).

Final Papers must be turned in at the start of class on April 5, 2006.  For every 24-period or portion thereof after that time, 10 points will be deducted from your grade.  Note that this penalty is draconian, and even the best paper will quickly fall to an F.  In the event you must turn in a paper late, do not slide it under my door:   turn it in to one of the Department office staff who will mark the time and date.  This is for your own protection.  The Final Draft of the Term Paper is worth 25% of your grade.

Keep checking these four areas of emphasis as you work on your paper:

 

Announcing the Natural Hazards Center

Annual Hazards and Disasters Student Paper Competition

The Natural Hazards Center of the University of Colorado at Boulder is pleased to announce its third Annual Hazards and Disasters Student Paper Competition for undergraduate and graduate students. Submissions may be theoretical arguments, case studies, literature reviews, or descriptions of research results on topics relevant to the social/behavioral aspects of hazards and disasters, natural, technological, or otherwise. Topics may include, but are not limited to, Hurricane Katrina, the South Asia earthquake, climate change, warning systems, natural hazards mitigation, land use, women and children in disasters, disaster myths, or the transport of hazardous materials. Papers will be judged on their originality, organization, and demonstrated knowledge of the topic. One undergraduate and one graduate winner will each receive $100; a mention in the Natural Hazards Observer; publication on the Natural Hazards Center Web site; an invitation to the Annual Hazards Workshop in Boulder, Colorado, registration fees included; and the opportunity to present their work at the workshop’s poster session.

The deadline for submissions is Friday, April 7, 2006. Additional information, including eligibility criteria and submission guidelines, is available online at http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/SPC/. Any questions/inquiries should be directed to Christine Bevc at christine.bevc@colorado.edu.

Academic Honesty

All students are urged to review the material about these issues in both the Western catalog and Student Handbook.  Your work in this course is to be an original effort.  I expect that all work you turn in is your own and that you give credit for any material that you use from other sources.  If I discover work has been plagiarized from another source or if you hand in a project that is identical to another student’s, you will receive a zero for that assignment.  

Resource Information

Writing Center -- The Writing Center offers individual conferences to assist writers with their assignments.  Drop by 124 Cherry Hall or call the Writing Center at 745-5719 with any questions or to make an appointment

Student Disability Services  -- Please do not request accommodations (academic adjustments and/or auxiliary aids or services) directly from the professor without a letter of accommodation from the Office of Student Disabilities Services (OSDS).  Students with disabilities who require accommodations for this course must contact the OSDS.  The OSDS office is in DUC A201 in the Student Success Center.  The OSDS contact numbers are:  Phone (270) 745-5004; TDD: (270) 745-5121; FAX: (270) 745-3199. 

Tentative Schedule

Carr, L.J. 1932. Disaster and the sequence-pattern concept of social change. American Journal of Sociology, 38, 207-218.
Killian, L.M. 1952. The significance of multiple-group membership in disaster. American Journal of Sociology, 57, 309-314.
Quarantelli, E.L. 1954. The nature and conditions of panic. American Journal of Sociology, 60, 267-275.
Schatzman, L. & Strauss, A. 1955. Social class and modes of communication. American Journal of Sociology, 60, 329-338.
Bucher, R. 1957. Blame and hostility in disaster. American Journal of Sociology, 62, 467-475.
Tiryakian, E.A. 1959. Aftermath of a thermonuclear attack on the United States: Some sociological implications. Social Problems, 6, 291-303.
Forman, R.E. 1963. Resignation as a collective behavior response. American Journal of Sociology, 69, 285-290.
Dynes, R.R. & Quarantelli, E.L. 1968. Group behavior under stress: A required convergence of organizational and collective behavior perspectives. Sociology & Social Research, 52, 416-429.
Starr, C. 1969. Social benefit versus technological risk. Science, 165, 1232-1238.
Tversky, A.; & Kahneman, D. 1974. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124-1131.
Quarantelli, E. L. & Dynes, R.R. 1977. Response to social crisis and disaster. Annual Review of Sociology, 3, 23-49.
Moe, T.M. 1979. On the scientific status of rational models. American Journal of Political Science, 23, 215-243.
Wildavsky, A. 1979. No risk is the greatest risk of all. American Scientist 67, 32-37.
Tversky, A.; & Kahneman, D. 1981. The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211, 453-458.
Slovic, P. & Lichtenstein, S. 1983. Preference reversals: A broader perspective. American Economic Review, 73, 596-605.
Kreps, G.A. 1984. Sociological inquiry and disaster research. Annual Review of Sociology, 10, 309-330.
Couch, S. & Kroll-Smith, S. 1985. The chronic technical disaster: Toward a social scientific perspective. Social Science Quarterly, 66, 564-575.
Kreps, G.A. 1985. Disaster and the social order. Sociological Theory, 3, 49-64.
Kroll-Smith, J.S.; & Couch, S.R. 1987. A chronic technical disaster and the irrelevance of religious meaning: The case of Centralia, Pennsylvania. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 26, 25-37.
Quarantelli, E.L. 1987. What should we study? Questions and suggestions for researchers about the concept of disasters. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 5, 7-32.
Singer, E. & Endreny, P. 1987. Reporting hazards: Their benefits and costs. Journal of Communication, 37, 10-26.
Slovic, P. 1987. Perception of risk. Science, 236, 280-285.
Sood, R.; Stockdale, G.; & Rogers, E.M. 1987. How the news media operate in natural disasters. Journal of Communication, 37, 27-41.
Clarke, L. 1988. Explaining choices among technological risks. Social Problems, 35, 501-514.
de Man, A.F. & Simpson-Housley, P. 1988. Correlates of responses to two potential hazards. Journal of Social Psychology, 128, 385-391.
Freudenburg, W.R. 1988. Perceived risk, real risk: Social science and the art of probabilistics risk assessment. Science, 242, 44-49.
Heimer, C. 1988. Social structure, psychology, and the estimation of risk. Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 491-519.
Kroll-Smith, J.S.; & Couch, S.R. 1989. Some thoughts on natural disasters, technological hazards and social change. Environment, Technology and Society, 56, 2-4.
Bellaby, P. 1990. To risk or not to risk? Uses and limitations of Mary Douglas on risk-acceptability for understanding health and safety at work and road accidents. Sociological Review, 38, 465-483.
Stallings, R.A. 1990. Media discourse and the social construction of risk. Social Problems, 37, 80-95.
Bolt, B.A. 1991. Balance of risks and benefits in preparation for earthquakes. Science, 251(4990), 169-175.
Freudenburg, W.R.; & Jones, T.R. 1991. Attitudes and stress in the presence of technological risk: A test of the Supreme Court hypothesis. Social Forces, 69, 1143-1168.
Plous, S. 1991. Biases in the assimilation of technological breakdowns: Do accidents make us safer? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 1058-1082.
Freudenburg, W.R.; & Pastor, S.K. 1992. Public responses to technological risks: Toward a sociological perspective. The Sociological Quarterly, 33, 389-412.
Greening, L. & Dollinger, S.J. 1992. Adolescents' perceptions of lightning and tornado risks. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 755-762.
Renn, O.; Burns, W.J.; Kasperson, J.X.; Kasperson, R.E.; Slovic, P. 1992. The Social Amplification of Risk: Theoretical Foundations and Empirical Applications. Journal of Social Issues, 48(4), 137-160.
Aguirre, B.E.; Saenz, R.; Edmiston, J.; Yang, N.; Agramonte, E. & Stuart, D.L. 1993. The human ecology of tornadoes. Demography, 30, 623-633.
Clarke, L. & Short Jr., J.F. 1993. Social organization and risk: Some current controversies. Annual Review of Sociology, 19, 375-399.
Forrest, T.R. 1993. Disaster anniversary: A social reconstruction of time. Sociological Inquiry, 63, 444-456.
Freudenburg, W.R. 1993. Risk and recreancy: Weber, the division of labor, and the rationality of risk perceptions. Social Forces, 71, 909-932.
Kreps, G.A. & Bosworth, S.L. 1993. Disaster, organizing, and role enactment: A structural approach. American Journal of Sociology, 99, 428-64.
Pennebaker, J.W. & Harber, K.D. 1993. A social stage model of collective coping: The Loma Prieta earthquake and the Persian Gulf War. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 125-145.
Nilson, D. 1995. Disaster beliefs and ideological orientation. Journal of Contingencies & Crisis Management, 3, 12-18.
Rich, R.C.; Edelstein, M.; & Hallman, W.K. 1995. Citizen participation and empowerment: The case of local environmental hazards. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 657-676.
Morrow, B.H. & Enarson, E. 1996. Hurricane Andrew through women’s eyes: Issues and recommendations. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 14, 5-12.
Riechard, D.E. & Peterson, S.J. 1998. Perception of environmental risk related to gender, community socioeconomic setting, age, and locus of control. Journal of Environmental Education, 30(1), 11-20.
Gillard, M. & Paton, D. 1999. Disaster stress following a hurricane: The role of religious differences in the Fijian Islands. The Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 1999-2, http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/1999-2/gillard.htm
Gunter, V.J.; Aronoff, M.; & Joel, S. 1999. Toxic contamination and communities: Using an ecological-symbolic perspective to theorize response contingencies. Sociological Quarterly, 40, 623-641.
Klinenberg, E. 1999. Denaturalizing disaster: A social autopsy of the 1995 Chicago heat wave. Theory & Society, 28, 239-296.
Morrow, B.H. 1999. Identifying and mapping community vulnerability. Disasters, 23(1), 1-19.
Riad, J.K.; Ruback, R.B.; & Norris, F.H. 1999. Predicting evacuation in two major disasters: risk perception, social influence, and access to resources. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(5), 918-934.
Taylor, A.J.W. 1999. Value conflict arising from a disaster. The Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 1999-2, http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/1999-2/taylor.htm
Tierney, K.J. 1999. Toward a critical sociology of risk. Sociological Forum, 14, 215-242.
Wulfhorst, J.D. & R.S. Krannich. 1999. Effects on collective morale from technological risk. Society and Natural Resources, 12, 1-18.
Drottz-Sjöberg, B. 2000. Exposure to risk and trust in information: Implications for the credibility of risk communication. The Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 2000-2, http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/2000-2/drottz.htm
Glantz, M. & D. Jamieson. 2000. Societal response to Hurricane Mitch and intra- versus intergenerational equity issues: Whose norms should apply? Risk Analysis, 20(6), 869-882.
Handmer, J. 2000. Are flood warnings futile? Risk communication in emergencies. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 2,  http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/2000-2/handmer.htm
Lazo, J.K.; Kinnell, J.C.; & Fisher, A. 2000. Expert and layperson perceptions of ecosystem risk. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 20, 179-194.
Mulilis, J.; Duval, T.S.; & Bovalino, K. 2000. Tornado preparedness of students, nonstudent renters, and nonstudent owners: Issues of PrE theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(6), 1310-1329.
Rohrmann, B. 2000. A socio-psychological model for analyzing risk communication processes. The Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 2000-02, http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/2000-2/rohrmann.htm
Becker, J., Smith, R., Johnston, D., & Munro, A. 2001. Effects of the 1995-1996 Ruapehu eruptions on communities in central North Island, New Zealand, and people's perceptions of volcanic hazards after the event. The Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 1, http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/2001-1/becker.htm
Ronan, K.R., Johnson, D.M., Daly, M. & Fairley, R. 2001. School Children's Risk Perceptions and Preparedness: A Hazards Education Survey. The Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 2001-01, http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/2001-1/ronan.htm
Tierney, K.J., Lindell, M.K., & Perry, R.W. 2001. Chapter 1. Conceptualizing Disasters and their Impacts. Pp. 1-26 in Facing the Unexpected: Disaster Preparedness and Response in the United States. http://www.nap.edu/books/0309069998/html/
Ungar, S. 2001. Moral panic versus the risk society: The implications of the changing sites of social anxiety. British Journal of Sociology, 52(2), 271-291.
Gregory, R.S.; & Satterfield, T.A. 2002. Beyond perception: The experience of risk and stigma in community contexts. Risk Analysis, 22, 347-358.

Kroll-Smith, S.; Couch, S.R.; & Levine, A.G. 2002. Technological hazards and disasters. In Handbook of Environmental Sociology, ed. R.E. Dunlap & W. Michelson, 295-328. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

McDowell, C. 2002. Involuntary resettlement, impoverishment risks, and sustainable livelihoods. The Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 2002-02, http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/2002-2/mcdowell.htm
Slovic, P. 2002. Terrorism as hazard: A new species of trouble. Risk Analysis, 22(3), 425-426.
Stallings, R.A. 2002. Weberian political sociology and sociological disaster studies. Sociological Forum, 17, 281-305.
Zavestoski, S.; Mignano, F.; Agnello, K,; Darroch, F.; & Abrams, K. 2002. Toxicity and complicity: Explaining consensual community response to a chronic technological disaster. Sociological Quarterly, 43, 385-406.
Barnett, J. & Breakwell, G.M. 2003. The social amplification of risk and the hazard sequence: the October 1995 oral contraceptive pill scare. Health, Risk & Society, 5, 301-313.
Cutter, S.L.; Boruff, B.J. & Shirley, W.L. 2003. Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Social Science Quarterly, 84, 242-261.
Drabek, T.E. & McEntire, D.A. 2003. Emergent phenomena and the sociology of disaster: Lessons, trends and opportunities from the research literature. Disaster Prevention & Management, 12, 97-112.
Hier, S.P. 2003. Risk and panic in late modernity: Implications of the converging sites of social anxiety. British Journal of Sociology, 54, 3-20.
López-Vaquez, E.; Marván, M.L. 2003. Risk perception, stress and coping strategies in two catastrophe risk situations. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 61-70.
Calhoun, C. 2004. A world of emergencies: Fear, intervention, and the limits of cosmopolitan order. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 41, 373-395,
McCaffrey, S. 2004. Thinking of wildfire as a natural hazard. Society & Natural Resources, 17, p509-516.
Murphy, R. 2004. Disaster or Sustainability: The Dance of Human Agents with Nature's Actants. Canadian Review of Sociology & Anthropology, 41, 249-266.
Perez-Lugo, M. 2004. Media uses in disaster situations: A new focus on the impact phase. Sociological Inquiry, 74, 210-225.
Barnett, D.J.; Balicer, R.D.; Blodgett, D.W.; Everly Jr., G.S.; Omer, S.B.; Parker, C.L. & Links, J.M. 2005. Applying risk perception theory to public health workforce preparedness training. Journal of Public Health Management & Practice, 11 (Supplement), 33-37.
Carroll, M.S.; Cohn, P.J.; Seesholtz, D.N.; & Higgins, L.L. 2005.  Fire as a galvanizing and fragmenting influence on communities: The case of the Rodeo–Chediski fire. Society & Natural Resources, 18, 301-320.
Flint, Courtney G. & Luloff, A. E. 2005. Natural resource-based communities, risk, and disaster: An intersection of theories. Society & Natural Resources, 18, 399-412.
Shriver, T.E., and Kennedy D.K. 2005. Contested environmental hazards and community conflict over relocation. Rural Sociology, 70, 491-513.

Let me end with my standard disclaimer:

DISCLAIMER The university may have adopted a business model; however, education is NOT a business.  Moreover, the syllabus is not some sort of sacred contract (at the very least, the course calendar is not a sacred contract), but more along the lines of a road map.  The readings in the course calendar are places we are scheduled to visit.  Anyone who has taken a preplanned road trip or vacation knows that the trip is not fun unless you stop at interesting roadside attractions even though they might divert from your original route or time table.  It's the process of getting there that is fun/relaxing/intriguing.  In that light, the above schedule and procedures for this course are subject to change in the event of extenuating circumstances. DISCLAIMER
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