The following is a list of journal articles concerning rural and urban poverty and welfare reform.  If anyone has any other articles to add to this list please email me.  


Accordino, John 1998.  "The Consequences of Welfare Reform for Central City Economies."  Journal of the American Planning Association 64: 11-15.

 Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores.   2000.  “Residential segregation and the epidemiology of infectious diseases.” Social Science & Medicine 51(8): 1143-61.

 Adelman, Robert M. and Charles Jaret.  1999.  “Poverty, race, and US metropolitan social and economic structure.”  Journal of Urban Affairs 21(1): 35-56.

 Albrecht, Don E.  1998.  "The Industrial Transformation of Farm Communities:  Implications for Family Structure and Socioeconomic Conditions."  Rural Sociology 63(1):51-64.

 Albrecht, Don E., Carol Mulford Albrecht, and Stan L. Albrecht.  2000.  "Poverty in nonmetropolitan America:  Impacts of industrial employment, and family structure variables."  Rural Sociology 65(1):87-103.

 Alex-Assensoh, Yvette. 1997.  “Race, concentrated poverty, social isolation, and political behavior:  Columbus, Ohio.”  Urban Affairs Review 33(2):  209-27.

 Amato, Paul R. and Jiping Zuo.  1992.  "Rural Poverty, Urban Poverty, and Psychological Well-Being."  The Sociological Quarterly 33: 229-40.

Anderson, Jock R.  2003.  "Risk in Rural Development:  Challenges for Managers and Policy Makers." Agricultural Systems 75(2/3):161-198.

 Anonymous.  1997.  “Welfare Reform: Welfare Reform Legislation Poses Opportunities and Challenges for Rural America.”  Rural conditions and trends 8(1):38.

 Anonymous.  1996.  “Families in poverty / symposium.”  Journal of Family Issues 17: 588-721.

 Aponte, Robert. 1991.  “Urban Hispanic poverty: disaggregations and explanations.” Social Problems 38: 516-28.

Ashley, Caroline and Simon Maxwell.  2001.  "Rethinking Rural Development."  Development Policy Review 19(4):395-425.

 Asra, Abuzar 1999.  “Urban-Rural Differences in Costs of Living and Their Impact on Poverty Measures.”  Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 35(3):51-

 Axhausen, K. W.  2000.  “Geographies of somewhere: a review of urban literature.”  Urban Studies 37(10): 1849-64.

 Ball, Richard A.  1968.  “A Poverty Case:  The Analgesic Subculture of the Southern Appalachians.”  American Sociological Review 33:885-95.

 Baratz, Morton S., and Sammis B. White.  1996.  “Childfare: a new direction for welfare reform.”  Urban Studies 33: 1935-44.

 Barnes, Nancy D. and Mercedes Bern-Klug.  1999.  “Income Characteristics of Rural Older Women and Implications for Health Status.”  Journal of Women & Aging 11(1):27

 Basgal, Ophelia B.  2000.  "Welfare Reform:  Should Housing Have a Role?"  Journal of Housing and Community Development."  57(1): 19-21.

 Bates, Timothy Mason.  1996.  “Political economy of urban poverty in the 21st century: how progress and public policy generate rising poverty.” The Review of Black Political Economy 24: 111-21.

 Bebbington, Anthony. 1999.  “Capitals and capabilities: a framework for analyzing peasant viability, rural livelihoods and poverty.” World Development 27(12): 2021-44.

 Berardi, Gigi.  1998.  “Federal Resources Policy and Communities—Rural Poverty in Alaska.”  Natural Resources Journal 38(1):85.

 Black, Maureen M. and Ambika Krishnakumar.  1998.  “Children in low-income, urban settings: interventions to promote mental health and well-being.”  American Psychologist 53(6): 635-46.

 Bowen, Gary L. and Mimi V. Chapman.  1996.  “Poverty, neighborhood danger, social support, and the individual adaptation among at-risk youth in urban areas.”  Journal of Family Issues 17: 641-66.

 Brockerhoff, Martin., and Ellen Brennan. 1998.  “The poverty of cities in developing regions.” Population and Development Review 24(1):  75-114.

 Brody, Gene H. and Douglas L. Flor.  1997.  "Maternal Psychological Functioning, Family Processes, and Child Adjustment in Rural, Single-Parent, African American Families."  Developmental Psychology 33:1000-11.

 Brown, David L. and Thomas A. Hirschl.  1995.  "Household Poverty in Rural and Metropolitan-Core areas of the United States."  Rural Sociology 60:  44-66. 

Brown, J. Brian and Daniel T. Lichter.  2004.  "Poverty, Welfare, and the Livelihood Strategies of Nonmetropolitan Single Mothers."  Rural Sociology 69(2):282-302.

 Buck, Pem Davidson.  1996.  "Sacrificing human rights on the altar of ‘mortality’:  White Desperation, far right explanation, and punitive social welfare reform."  Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development 25:195-210. 

Byres, Terence J.  2004.  "Neo-Classical Neo-Populism 25 Years On:  Deja Vu and Deja Passe.  Towards a Critique."  Journal of Agrarian Change.  4(1/2):17-45.

 Callahan, David. 1998.  “Ballot blocks: what gets the poor to the polls?:  programs in New York City, Miami and San Francisco”  American Prospect 39: 68-75.

 Camasso, Michael J. and Dan E. Moore.  1985.  “Rurality and the Residualist Welfare Response.”  Rural Sociology 50(3): 397-408.

 Carter, Michael R. and Bradford L. Barham.  1996.  “Level playing fields and laissez faire: postliberal development strategy in inegalitarian agrarian economies.” World Development 24: 1133-49.

 Cherry, Robert.  1995.  "The Culture-of-Poverty Thesis and African-Americans:  The Work of Gunnar Myrdal and other institutionalists."  Journal of Economic Issues 29:1119-32.

 Churchill, Nancy.  1995.  "Ending Welfare as we know it:  a case study in urban anthropology and public policy."  Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development 24:  5-35.

 Clark, William A. V. 1998.  “Mass migration and local outcomes: is international migration to the United States creating a new urban underclass?”  Urban Studies 35(3): 371-83.

 Cloke, Paul J. 1995.  "Rural Poverty and the Welfare State:  a discursive transformation in Britain and the USA."  Environment and Planning A 27:1001-16.

 Cloutier, Norman R. and Anthony L. Loviscek.  1989.  “AFDC benefits and the inter-urban variation in poverty among female-headed households.” Southern Economic Journal 56: 315-22.

Cochran, Carole, Gemma D. Skillman, Richard W. Rathge, Kathy Moore, Janet Johnston, and Ann Lochner.  2002.  "A Rural Road:  Exploring Opportunities, Networks, Services, and Supports that Affect Rural Families."  Child Welfare 81(5):837-849. 

 Cohen, Deborah, Suzanne Spear, and Richard Scribner.  2000.  “’Broken windows’ and the risk of gonorrhea.” American Journal of Public Health 90(2): 230-6.

 Cooke, Thomas J.  1999.  “Geographic Context and Concentrated Urban Poverty Within the United States.”  Urban geography 20(6): 552.

 Corwyn, Robert Flynn, and Brent B. Benda.  1999.  “Theoretical Factors Influencing Adolescent Sexual Behavior:  Evidence from a Rural Sample Living in Poverty.”  Journal of Family Social Work 3(2):59-

 Costello, E. Jane. ; Elizabeth M. Z. Farmer, and Adrian Angold.  1997.  “Psychiatric disorders among American Indian and white youth in Appalachia: the Great Smoky Mountains Study.”  American Journal of Public Health 87: 827-32.

 Coulton, Claudia J., Julian Chow, and Edward C. Wang.  1996.  “Geographic concentration of affluence and poverty in 100 metropolitan areas, 1990.” Urban Affairs Review 32: 186-216.

 Crawley, Andrew. 2000.  “Equality, poverty, democracy.”  The World Today 56(7): 20-2.

 Cunningham, Charles.  1999.  “’To Watch the Faces of the Poor:’ Life Magazine and the Mythology of Rural Poverty in the Great Depression.”  Journal of Narrative Theory 29(3):278.

 Curtis, Karen A. 1999.  “’Bottom-up’ poverty and welfare policy discourse: ethnography to the rescue?”  Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development 28(2): 103-40.

 Curtis, Karen A. 1997.  “Urban poverty and the social consequences of privatized food assistance.”  Journal of Urban Affairs 19(2):  207-26.

 Curtis, Karen A. and Stephanie McClellan.  1995.  “Falling through the safety net: poverty, food assistance and shopping constraints in an American city.”  Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development 24: 93-135.

 D'Amico, Deborah.  1996.  "The Emperor's New Jobs:  Welfare Reform, Unemployment and Education Policy."  Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development 25: 165-94.

 DeFrances, Carol J. 1996.  “The effects of racial ecological segregation on quality of life: a comparison of middle-class blacks and middle-class whites.”  Urban Affairs Review 31:  799-809.

 Delgado, Melvin. 1997.  “Role of Latina-owned beauty parlors in a Latino community.”  Social Work 42: 445-53.

 Drake, Brett and Shanta Pandey. 1996.  “Understanding the relationship between neighborhood poverty and specific types of child maltreatment.” Child Abuse & Neglect 20: 1003-18.

 Duncan, Cynthia M.  1996.  "Understanding Persistent Poverty:  Social Class Context in Rural Communities."  Rural Sociology 61:103-24.

 Duncan, Cynthia M.  and Nita Lamborghini. 1994.  "Poverty and Social Context in Remote Rural Communities."  Rural Sociology 59: 437-61.

 Duncan, Cynthia M. and Ann R. Tickamyer.  1989.  “The Rural Poor:  What We Know and What We Need to Know.”  Northwest Report 7 (March).

 Earls, Felton.  2000.  “Urban poverty: scientific and ethical considerations.”  The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 572: 53-65.

 Edin, Kathryn. 2000.  “What do low-income single mothers say about marriage?”  Social Problems 47(1): 112-33.

 Edmondson, Brad. 1998.  “Wealth and poverty.” American Demographics 20(5):  20-1.

 Eggers, Mitchell L. and Douglas S. Massey.  1992.  “A longitudinal analysis of urban poverty: blacks in U.S. metropolitan areas between 1970 and 1980.” Social Science Research 21: 175-203.

 Eggers, Mitchell L. and Douglas S. Massey. 1991.  “The structural determinants of urban poverty: a comparison of whites, blacks, and Hispanics.” Social Science Research 20: 217-55.

 Enchautegui, Maria E. 1997.  “Latino neighborhoods and Latino neighborhood poverty.”  Journal of Urban Affairs 19(4):  445-67.

 Eisinger, Peter, and Charles  Smith.  2000.  “Globalization and metropolitan well-being in the United States.”  Social Science Quarterly 81(2): 634-44.

 Elliott, James R.  1999.  “Social isolation and labor market insulation: network and neighborhood effects on less-educated urban workers.”  The Sociological Quarterly 40(2):  199-216.

 Ewalt, Patricia L. and Elizabeth A. Mulroy. 1997.  "Locked out:  Welfare Reform, Housing Reform, and the Fate of Affordable Housing."  Social Work  42: 5-6.

Fafchamps, Marcel.  2004.  Rural Poverty, Risk and Development.  Edward Elgar Publishing.

 Famuliner, Charles C. 1999.  "Help for Residents During Welfare Reform." Journal of Housing and Community Development 56(6): 8-9.

 Farmer, Frank L., Thomas W. Ilvento and A. E. Luloff.  1989.  "Rural Community Poverty:  A LISREL Measurement Model."  Rural Sociology 54: 491-508.

 Ferreira, F. H.  2001.  “Rural Nonfarm Activities and Poverty in the Brazilian Northeast.”  World Development 29(ER3): 509-528.

 Figueira-McDonough, Josefina. 1995.  “Community organization and the underclass: exploring new practice directions.” Social Service Review 69:  57-85.

 Figueroa, Janis Barry and Nancy Breen.  1995.  “Significance of underclass residence on the stage of breast or cervical cancer diagnosis.” The American Economic Review  85: 112-16.

 Findeis, Jill L. and Leif Jensen.  1998.  “Employment Opportunities in Rural Areas:  Implications for Poverty in a Changing Policy Environment.”  American Journal of Agricultural Economics 80(5):1000-

 Fisher, D. R.  2001.  “Resource Dependency and Rural Poverty: Rural Areas in the United States and Japan.”  Rural Sociology 66(2):181-202.

 Fitchen, Janet M.  1995.  "Spatial Redistribution of Poverty through Migration of Poor People to Depressed Rural Communities."  Rural Sociology 60:  181-201.

 Fitchen, Janet M.  1994.  "Residential Mobility among the Rural Poor."  Rural Sociology 59: 416-36.

 Fitchen, Janet M.  1992.  "On the Edge of Homelessness:  Rural Poverty and Housing Insecurity."  Rural Sociology 57: 173-93.

 Fix, Michael and Jeffrey S. Passel.  1994.  "Setting the Record Straight:  What are the Costs to the Public?"  Public Welfare 52: 6-15.

 Francis-Okongwu, Anne.  1996.  "Keeping the Show on the Road:  Female-headed Families Surviving on $22,000 a year or less in New York City."  Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development 25: 115-63.

 Franklin, Donna L., Susan E. Smith, and William E.P. McMiller. 1995.  “Correlates of marital status among African American mothers in Chicago neighborhoods of concentrated poverty.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 57: 141-52.

 Gaiha, R., K. Imai, and P.D. Kaushik.  2001.  “On the Targeting and Cost-Effectiveness of Anti-Poverty Programmes in Rural India.”  Development and Change 32(2): 309-342.

 Galster, George., Ronald Mincy, and Mitchell Tobin. 1997.  “The disparate racial neighborhood impacts of metropolitan economic restructuring.”  Urban Affairs Review 32: 797-824.

 Garner, Thesia I., David S. Johnson, and Mary F. Kokoski.  1996.  “An experimental consumer price index for the poor.”  Monthly Labor Review 119: 32-42.

 Garrett, Patricia, Nicholas Ng'andu, and John Ferron.  1994.  "Is Rural Residency a Risk Factor for Childhood Poverty?"  Rural Sociology 59: 66-83.

 Gilens, Martin. 1996.  “Race and poverty in America: public misperceptions and the American news media.” The Public Opinion Quarterly 60: 515-41.

 Glaeser, E. L.  2000.  “Forum: Places, People, Policies Addressing urban poverty in America.”  Harvard Magazine 103(2): 34-35.

 Goering, John, Ali Kamely, and Todd Richardson.  1997.  “Recent research on racial segregation and poverty concentration in public housing in the United States.”  Urban Affairs Review 32: 723-45.

 Goetz, Edward G. 2000.  “The politics of poverty deconcentration and housing demolition.” Journal of Urban Affairs 22(2): 157-73.

 González de la Rocha, Mercedes and Barbara B. Gantt,  tr.  1995.  “The urban family and poverty in Latin America”  Latin American Perspectives 22: 12-31.

 Gorey, Kevin M.  1998.  “Prevalent low income status in Canadian and United States metropolitan areas, 1980 and 1990:  Toronto and upstate New York.”  International Journal of Comparative Sociology 39(4):  378-83.

 Gotham, Kevin Fox.  1998.  “Blind faith in the free market: urban poverty, residential segregation, and federal housing retrenchment, 1970-1995.”  Sociological Inquiry 68(1): 1-31.

 Greene, Richard. 1991.  “Poverty concentration measures and the urban underclass.” Economic Geography 67: 240-52.

 Hannon, Lance and James DeFronzo. 1998.  “The truly disadvantaged, public assistance, and crime.”  Social Problems 45(3): 383-92.

 Haynie, Dana L. and  Bridget K. Gorman.  1999.  "A Gendered context of opportunity:  Determinants of poverty across urban and rural labor markets."  The Sociological Quarterly 40(2):177-97.

 Hill, Edward W. and Harold Wolman.  1997.  “City-suburban income disparities and metropolitan area employment: can tightening labor markets reduce the gaps?”  Urban Affairs Review 32: 558-82.

 Horton, Hayward Derrick and Beverlyn Lundy Allen.  1998.  "Race, Family Structure and Rural Poverty:  An Assessment of Population and Structural Change."  Journal of Comparative Family Studies  29(2): 397-406.

 Holzer, Charles E., III., Hoang Thanh Nguyen, and Harold F. Goldsmith.  1996.  “The demographics of disability in the South.”  Community Mental Health Journal 32: 431-43.

 Hughes, Mary F. 1999.  “Similar Students—Dissimilar Opportunities for Success.”  Journal of Research in Rural Education 15(1): 47.

 Iceland, John. 1997.  “Urban labor markets and individual transitions out of poverty.” Demography 34:  429-41

 Jargowsky, Paul A. 1996.  “Take the money and run: economic segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas.”  American Sociological Review 61: 984-98.

Jarosz, Lucy and Victoria Lawson.  2002.  "'Sophisticated people versus rednecks':  Economic restructuring and class difference in America's West."  Antipode 34(1):8-28.

 Jensen, Leif.  1989.  “Rural-urban Differences in the Utilization and Ameliorative Effects of Welfare Programs.”  Pp. 25-39 in Rural Poverty:  Special Causes and Policy Reforms.  Edited by Harrell R. Rodgers, Jr. and Gregory Weiher.  New York:  Greenwood.

 Jensen, Leif and David J. Eggebeen.  1994.  "Nonmetropolitan Poor Children and Reliance on Public Assistance."  Rural Sociology 59: 45-65.

 Jensen, Leif and Marta Tienda.  1989.  “Nonmetropolitan Minority Families in the United States:  Trends in Racial and Ethnic Economic Stratification, 1959-1986.”  Rural Sociology 54(4): 509-532.

 Kasper, Jennifer. , Sundeep K. Gupta, and Phuong Tran.   2000.  “Hunger in legal immigrants in California, Texas, and Illinois.” American Journal of Public Health 90(10):  1629-33.

 Kemp, Jack. 1990.  “Tackling poverty: market-based policies to empower the poor.” Policy Review 51: 2-5.

 Kovandzic, Tomislav., Lynne M. Vieraitis, and Mark R. Yeisley.  1998.  “The structural covariates of urban homicide: reassessing the impact of income inequality and poverty in the post-Reagan era.”  Criminology 36(3): 569-99.

 Kposowa, Augustine J., Kevin D. Breault, and Beatrice M. Harrison.  1995.  “Reassessing the structural covariates of violent and property crimes in the USA: a county level analysis.”  The British Journal of Sociology 46:  79-105

 Krivo, Lauren J., Ruth D. Peterson, and Helen Rizzo. 1998.  “Race, segregation, and the concentration of disadvantage: 1980-1990.” Social Problems 45(1): 61-80.

 Krumholz, Norman.  1999.  “Equitable approaches to local economic development:  Boston, Cleveland, Oakland, Jersey City, and Chicago.”  Policy Studies Journal 27(1):  83-95.

 Kupersmidt, Janis B., and Sandra L. Martin.  1997.  "Mental Health Problems of Children of Migrant and Seasonal Farm Workers:  A Pilot Study."  Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.  36:224-32.

 Kutty, Nandinee K. 1998.  “The scope for poverty alleviation among elderly home-owners in the United States through reverse mortgages.”  Urban Studies 35(1): 113-29.

Kuyvenhoven, Arie.  2004.  "Creating an enabling environment: Policy conditions for less-favored areas."  Food Policy 29(4):407-30.

 Lafer, Gordon. 1994.  “The politics of job training: urban poverty and the false promise of JTPA.” Politics & Society 22: 349-88.

 Landale, Nancy S. and Daniel T. Lichter.  1997.  "Geography and the Etiology of Poverty Among Latino Children."  Social Science Quarterly 78(4): 874-94.

 Lanjouw, P.  2001.  “Nonfarm Employment and Poverty in Rural El Salvador.”  World Development 29(ER3):  529-547.

Latimer, Melissa.  2004.  "Between a Rock and a Hard Place--The Socioeconomic Status of Former TANF Recipients in West Virginia."  Sociological Spectrum 24(1):93-124.

 Lee, Matthew R.  2000.  “Concentrated poverty, race, and homicide.”  The Sociological Quarterly 41(2): 189-206.

 Levitan, Sar A.  1990.  Programs in Aid of the Poor.  Baltimore:  Johns Hopkins. (Chapter 5).

 Lichter, Daniel T.  1989.  “Race, Employment Hardship, and Inequality in the American Nonmetropolitan South.” American Sociological Review 54(4): 436-46.

 Lichter, Daniel T. and Janice A. Costanzo.  1987.  “Nonmetropolitan Underemployment and Labor-Force Composition.”  Rural Sociology 52(3):  329-344.

 Lichter, Daniel T. and David J. Eggebeen.  1992.  "Child Poverty and the Changing Rural Family."  Rural Sociology 57: 151-72.

 Lichter, Daniel T., Gail M. Johnston, and Diane K. McLaughlin.  1994.  "Changing Linkages Between Work and Poverty in Rural America."  Rural Sociology 59: 395-415.

 Lichter, Daniel T. and Diane K. McLaughlin 1995.  "Changing Economic Opportunities, Family Structure, and Poverty in Rural Areas."  Rural Sociology 60: 688-706. 

 Light, Ivan.  1996.  “A self-help solution to fight urban poverty.”  The American Enterprise v. 7: 50-2.

 Litman, Mark S.  1989.  “Reasons for not Working:  Poor and Nonpoor Householders.”  Monthly Labor Review.  August 16-21.

 Lobao, Linda M. and Michael D. Schulman.  1991.  "Farming Patterns, Rural Restructuring, and Poverty:  A Comparative Regional Analysis."  Rural Sociology 56: 565-602.

 Lopez, R. and A. Valdes.  2000.  “Fighting Rural Poverty in Latin America: New Evidence of the Effects of Education, Demographics, and Access to Land” Economic Development and Cultural Change 49(1):197-212.

 Madden, Janice Fanning. 1996.  “Changes in the distribution of poverty across and within the US metropolitan areas, 1979-89.”  Urban Studies 33:  1581-600.

 Marcuse, Peter.  1997.  “The enclave, the citadel, and the ghetto: what has changed in the post-Fordist U.S. city.” Urban Affairs Review 33(2): 228-64.

 Massey, Douglas S. and Mitchell L. Eggers. 1993.  “The spatial concentration of affluence and poverty during the 1970s.” Urban Affairs Quarterly 29: 299-315.

 Massey, Douglas S., and Mary J. Fischer.  2000.  “How segregation concentrates poverty.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 23(4): 670-91.

 Massey, Douglas S., Andrew B. Gross, and Mitchell L. Eggers. 1991.  “Segregation, the concentration of poverty, and the life chances of individuals.” Social Science Research 20: 397-420.

 Massey, Douglas S., Andrew B. Gross, and Kumiko Shibuya. 1994.  “Migration, segregation, and the geographic concentration of poverty.” American Sociological Review 59: 425-45.

 Massey, Douglas S. and  Shawn M. Kanaiaupuni. 1993.  “Public housing and the concentration of poverty.” Social Science Quarterly 74: 109-22.

 Maxwell, Andrew H. 1996.  "'Human Rights and Social Welfare Policy Reform:  Views From the Field':  A Discussion."  Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development."  25: 211-19.

 Maxwell, Andrew H. 1988.  “The anthropology of poverty in black communities: a critique and systems alternative.”  Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development 17: 171-91.

McCormack, Karen.  2004.  "Resisting the Welfare Mother:  The Power of Welfare Discourse and Tactics of Resistance."  Critical Sociology 30(2):355-384.

 McCormick, John.  1988.  “Down and Out in America:  The Plight of the Rural Poor.”  Newsweek, August 8:  20-4.

 McDonald, Katrina Bell, and Elizabeth M. Armstrong.  2001.  "De-romanticizing Black Intergenerational Support:  The Questionable Assumptions of Welfare Reform." Journal of Marriage and the Family 63(1): 213-23.

 McLaughlin, Diane K. and Carolyn Sachs.  1988.  “Poverty in Female-Headed Households:  Residential Differences.”  Rural Sociology 53(3): 287-306.

 McLaughlin, Diane K. and Leif Jensen.  1995.  "Becoming Poor:  The Experiences of Elders."  Rural Sociology 60:202-23. 

 McLaughlin, Diane K. and Leif Jensen.  1993.  "Poverty among Older Americans:  the plight of nonmetropolitan elders."  Journal of Gerontology 48: 544-54.

 McLaughlin, Diane K. and Carolyn E. Sachs.  1988.  "Poverty in Female-Headed Households:  Residential Differences."  Rural Sociology 53: 287-306.

 Molnar, Joseph J. and William D. Lawson.  1984.  “Perceptions to Barriers to Black Political and Economic Progress in Rural Areas.”  Rural Sociology 49(2):  261-283.

 Mulherin, Stephen. 2000.  “Affordable housing and white poverty concentration.”  Journal of Urban Affairs 22(2):  139-56.

Nelson, Margaret K.  2004.  "How men matter:  Housework and self-provisioning among rural single-mother and married-couple families in Vermont, U.S." Feminist Economics 10(2):9-37.

 Nelson-Richards, M.  2001.  “Rural Poverty and Global Capital:  A Sociology of an Emerging Democracy – South Africa (Kangwane).”  Journal of Third World Studies 18(2):161-188.

 Newman, Sandra J. 2000.  "Welfare Reform:  Should Housing Have a Role?"  Journal of Housing and Community Development."  57(1): 16-18.

Neto, Frederico.  2004.  "Innovative approaches to rural development:  Moving from state-controlled towards market-based land reform."  28(1):50-61.

 Nightingale, Demetra S. 2000.  "Welfare Reform:  Should Housing Have a Role?"  Journal of Housing and Community Development."  57(1): 22-24.

 Nightingale, Demetra S. 1997.  "Work-Related Resources and Services:  Implications for TANF."  Spectrum 70: 10-13.

 Nord, Mark.  2000.  "Does it cost less to live in rural areas?  Evidence from new data on food security and hunger."  Rural Sociology 65(1):104-125.

 Nord, Mark.  1998.  Poor People on the Move:  County-to-County Migration and the Spatial Concentration of Poverty.  Journal of Regional Science 38(2):  329-351.

 Nord, Mark, A.E. Luloff, and Leif Jensen.  1995.  "Migration and the Spatial Concentration of Poverty."  Rural Sociology 60: 399-415.

Olson, Christine M., Kendra Anderson, Elizabeth Kiss, Frances C. Lawrence, and Sharon B. Selling.  2004.  "Factors Protecting Against and Contributing to Food Insecurity Among Rural Families." Family Economics and Nutrition Review 16(1):12-21.

 Olzak, Susan, Suzanne Shanahan, and Elizabeth H. McEneaney.  1996.  “Poverty, segregation, and race riots: 1960 to 1993.” American Sociological Review 61: 590-613.

 O’Hare, William P.  1988.  “The Rise of Poverty in Rural America.”  Population Trends and Public Policy 15 (July).

 Osgood, Mary.  1977.  “Rural and Urban Attitudes Toward Welfare.”  Social Work 22(1): 41-7.

 O'Regan, Katherine M. and John M. Quigley.  1996.  “Teenage employment and the spatial isolation of minority and poverty households.”  The Journal of Human Resources 31: 692-702.

 Pack, Janet Rothenberg. 1998.  “Poverty and urban public expenditures.” Urban Studies 35(11): 1995-2019.

 Parker, Karen F., and Matthew V. Pruitt.  2000.  “Poverty, poverty concentration, and homicide.”  Social Science Quarterly 81(2):  555-70.

 Patrick, Donald L., Jane Stein, and Miquel Porta.  1988.  "Poverty, Health Services, and Health Status in Rural America."  Milbank Quarterly 66(1):  105-36.

 Pattillo-McCoy, Mary.  2000.  “The limits of out-migration for the black middle class.”  Journal of Urban Affairs 22(3): 225-41.

 Peake, Linda J. 1997.  “Toward a social geography of the city: race and dimensions of urban poverty in women's lives.” Journal of Urban Affairs 19(3): 335-61.

 Pistella, Christine L Young, Frank A. Bonati, and Shelly Mihalic.  1999.  “Social Work Practice in a Rural Community Collaborative To Improve Perinatal Care.”  Social Work in Health Care 30(1): 1-

 Popper, Frank J. 1984.  "Rural Land Use Policies and Rural Poverty."  Journal of the American Planning Association 50: 326-34.

 Quandt, Sara A. and Pamela Rao.  1999.  "Hunger and Food Security among Older Adults in a Rural Community."  Human Organization 58(1): 28-35.

 Quane, James M. and Bruce H. Rankin.  1998.  “Neighborhood poverty, family characteristics, and commitment to mainstream goals: the case of African American adolescents in the inner city.” Journal of Family Issues 19(6):  769-94.

 Quillan, Lincoln.  1999.  “Migration patterns and the growth of high-poverty neighborhoods, 1970-1990.” American Journal of Sociology 105(1): 1-37.

Rank, Mark R., Hong-Sik Yoon, and Thomas A. Hirschl.  2003.  "American Poverty as a Structural Failing:  Evidence and Arguments."  Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 30(4):3-30.

 Rankin, Bruce H., James M. Quane.  2000.  “Neighborhood poverty and the social isolation of inner-city African American families.” Social Forces 79(1): 139-64.

 Redclift, Michael R.  1984.  “'Urban bias' and rural poverty: a Latin American perspective.” The Journal of Development Studies 20: 123-38.

 Reingold, David A. 1999.  “Inner-city firms and the employment problem of the urban poor: are poor people really excluded from jobs located in their own neighborhoods?”  Economic Development Quarterly 13(4): 291-320.

 Reingold, David A. 1997.  “Does inner city public housing exacerbate the employment problems of its tenants?”  Journal of Urban Affairs 19(4): 469-86.

 Reynolds, Lloyd G. 1996.  “Some sources of income inequality in Latin America.”  Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 38: 39-46.

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NEW REPORT EXPLORES COLLEGE ACCESS BARRIERS FOR THE WORKING POOR
Working poor adults and youth may face higher barriers to college access and completion than those from higher income households and those living below the poverty line, according to an Institute for Higher Education Policy (IHEP) report. “Twenty-eight percent of working poor dependent students who began a degree or certificate program in 1995 received a bachelor’s degree by 2004, compared to 44 percent of higher income students and 33 percent of those below the poverty level.”  To overcome these barriers, IHEP recommends expanding the HOPE and Lifetime Learning tax credits to include the costs of books, room and board for low-income students, allowing postsecondary education to meet TANF work requirements and increase investments in statewide initiatives that encourage postsecondary enrollment among adult workers.  The full report, College Access for the Working Poor: Overcoming Burdens to Succeed in Higher Education, can be viewed at: http://www.ihep.org/Pubs/PDF/College_Access_for_the_Working_Poor_2007_Report.pdf

 


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Revised: May 12, 2022 .