FOOD COLLECTING is the reliance on wild plants and/or animals for the majority of the group's subsistence;
 also called hunting-gathering or hunting-gathering-fishing

 FOOD PRODUCTION is the reliance on domesticated plants and/or animals for the majority of the group's subsistence;
 includes agriculture, farming, horticulture, gardening, stockbreeding, herding, pastoralism

 WILD plants and animals are those that exist in nature without human intervention and exist in a natural home range

 DOMESTICATES are plants and animals whose form is the result of human intervention in the breeding process,
 plants and animals that cannot survive without human intervention, and/or plants and animals that live outside their
 natural home ranges; plant domesticates called "cultigens"

 DOMESTICATION is the selective breeding process by which a wild plant or animal becomes a domesticate

SETTLEMENT
 

 MOBILITY is residential movement on a continual basis without significant settlement permanence

 SEDENTISM is year-round, permanent residence in one location

 VILLAGES are early sedentary settlements with low population densities

 CITY or URBANISM is a relatively high density of people living within a limited space on a permanent basis; characteristics are (1) nucleation (living close together in a limited area), (2) high population density (at least 100 people per square kilometer), (3) non-farming sector of society, (4) craft or occupational specialization, (5) social stratification or social ranking, and (6) surrounding subsistence area to support urban center

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

 COMPLEX SOCIETIES or STATES or CIVILIZATIONS have some combination of the following characteristics
 (based on V. Gordon Childe and Elman Service)

1. agricultural basis (subsistence economy is based on food production and a surplus economy)

2. urbanized  (based on cities, majority of population lives in cities)

3. complex social organization  (permanent, hierarchically arranged social class system based on economics, religion or ethnic background)

4. full-time occupational specialization or craft specialization  (food producers versus nonproducers; nonproducers include leaders, priests, merchants, members of the armed forces, craftspeople and artisans)
 
5. territorial basis  (communities within the area have some form of allegiance, borders are defended)

6. concentration of surpluses by the state   (usually food but also other materials; related to state control of exchange and trade, redistribution and taxation)

7. strong, centralized government with a professional ruling class  (inclusion in ruling class is often, but not always, separate from kinship)

8. force as a means of social control  (military, police, judicial system)

9. true law  (a codified set of rules of behavior)

10. monumental public works of architecture  (pyramids, temples, irrigation systems, roads)

11.  standardized artworks  (flags, clothing, artistic icons, and related artwork that symbolize the state or social classes within the state)

12.  writing systems  (hieroglyphic, alphabetic, iconographic)

13.  advances in math, geometry and astronomy  (to lay out cities, to build monumental works, to keep records of taxes or trade, and to follow agricultural cycles)

14.  large population size (greater than 20,000)

NATION STATE is a centralized economic and political power organized along political and  territorial lines, with hierarchical and differential access to resources, and with monopoly on power; more unified than city states; has a city that serves as capital

EMPIRE is a centralized economic and political power that crosses political and territorial lines; groups are subjugated politically, militarily, economically, socially, religiously; tribute/ taxation

 KINGDOMS may be considered complex or semi-complex societies but they differ from states in that leadership is not coercive,
 leadership tends to be based on kinship, urbanism is lacking, and monumental public works are usually absent or less elaborate

TIME UNITS IN ARCHAEOLOGY

1550 B.C.  NUMERICAL TIME UNITS are expressed in number format

• BP stands for before present (1950); always written after the numbers; example is 3000 BP

• BC stands for Before Christ; BC is always written after the numbers; example is 1000 BC

• AD stands for Anno Domini (in the year of our Lord); AD is always written before the numbers; example is AD 530

Shang Dynasty PERIOD TIME UNITS are expressed in non-numerical format but in relative order from oldest to youngest

• periods are blocks of time with starting and ending dates determined by some natural or cultural events or developments

• periods are typically named for people, places, cultural characteristics, artifacts; examples are Paleoindian, Teotihuacan I, Basketmaker

• periods defined by archaeologists vary regionally in terms of their names, starting and ending dates, and events that occurred in each

• periods are often subdivided; examples are Early Archaic, Middle Archaic, Late Archaic

CULTURE AREAS

  CULTURE AREA is a geographic region in which the people shared in common a set of cultural traits and behaviors

  originally defined by cultural anthropologists but adopted by archaeologists, with some minor changes

Old World culture areas covered in this class are those (with one exception) where complex societies were an indigenous development: Near East, Mediterranean-Aegean, lower Nile, tropical Africa, temperate Europe, Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and China

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