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ANTH 336  New World Prehistory
Dr. Darlene Applegate
Fall 2006
Andean South America Culture Area
Tiwanaku Empire



Tiwanaku is one of the first empires of Andean South America.


TIME PERIOD

AD 600 - 1000

Middle Horizon


LOCATION

southern highlands of Peru near Lake Titicaca

some influence in present-day Bolivia


SUBSISTENCE

farming and herding


DIAGNOSTIC ARTIFACTS

renowned for copper working

Tiahuanacoid art style and iconography:

rooted in Chavin art style

primary theme is standing human, which is depicted from the front with arms raised and spread, with headdress and necklace, with belted garment, with staff in hand; represents a deity or creator Viracocha

other icons are feline, bird/human, feline/human, jaguar, angels, staff with animal parts

less common motifs are meander bands, circular or geometric eyes and nose, v-shaped canines, trophy heads

most depictions are on stone sculpture but also pottery and textiles


SETTLEMENT STRATEGY

hierarchical organization of ceremonial centers (primary, secondary, tertiary centers) connected by roads                

monumental public architecture includes semi-subterranean temples and pyramids; Gateway of the Sun is a well-known feature of the capital Tiwanaku


SITES

Tiwanaku - capital, not as nucleated as was Huari capital


POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

one of first empires

theocracy

less centralized than Huari empire

no bureaucratic residences at administrative centers



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Last updated on December 7, 2006
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