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ANTH 336  New World Prehistory
Dr. Darlene Applegate
Fall 2006
Culture Contact: Cultural Consequences

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ARMED CONFLICT AND WARFARE

-mostly affected native populations

-Europeans had iron weapons, horses, mastiffs, guns


SLAVERY AND SERVITUDE

-mostly affected native populations

-put to work on plantations and mines mostly


ECONOMIC EXPLOITATON

-mostly affected native populations

-farming, mining, housework


TECHNOLOGY

-affected both sides

-some exchanges occurred forcibly, some voluntarily

-Old World technology adopted by New World: metal objects, clothing, wheel

-New World technology adopted by Old World: dyes (ex. cochineal from insect), maple tapping and processing, architecture (pit houses, plank houses, adobe)


SOCIO-ECONOMIC-POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

-affected both sides, but moreso native populations

-Old World institutions adopted by New World: currency

-New World institutions adopted by Old World: respectful individualism, personal freedom, personal liberty, egalitarian democracy


FOOD PRODUCTION

-affected both sides

-Old World domesticates introduced into New World: wheat, barley, rye, oats, rice, millet, sorghum, soybean, horse, cow, pig, sheep, goat, chicken, date, fig, olive, watermelon, peach

-New World domesticates introduced to Old World: maize, potato, some beans (kidney, snap, string, frijole, common, butter, lima, navy, pole), peanut, tobacco, sunflower, chocolate, peppers, tomatoes, pumpkins

-Old World farming techniques introduced into New World:  plow, metal tools, draft animals

-New World farming techniques introduced to Old World: hilling, lye soaking

 
LANGUAGE

-affected both sides, but moreso native populations

-loss of native languages

-natives forced to use Spanish, English, French (western European languages)

-establishment of European place names for native places (ex. Mexico City)

-retention of native place names for European settlements (ex. Okechobee, Tallahassee, Massachusetts, Nantucket, Roanoke)

-changes in pronunciations

-adoption of native words into everyday European usage (ex. maize, tipi, canoe, parka, moccasin)


RELIGION

-affected native populations only

-conversion to various forms of Christianity

-fusion of native beliefs and deities and rituals with Christian ones

-work of missionaries

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