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ANTH 336  New World Prehistory
Dr. Darlene Applegate
Fall 2006
Mesoamerica Culture Area
Toltec Civilization



TIME PERIOD

Post-Classic Period

AD 900 - 1200


LOCATION

north-central Mexican highlands

north of Valley of Mexico

also occupied Chichen Itza in Yucatan Peninsula

map
Map Showing the Toltect Heartland and Major Sites (Including Chichen Itza in the Yucatan Peninsula).
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/toltecs.htm


ORIGINS

civilization developed by nomadic farmers from north plus indigenous central Mexicans

Mixcoatl created alliances among disparate groups and became first ruler


SUBSISTENCE

agriculture based on chinampas and irrigation


DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES

stone chacmool

carved stones found in front of temples at tops of pyramids

motif is reclining human on his back and head turned, often with a flat place for offerings on the stomach

used for performing sacrifices

chac
Only Intact Chacmool from Toltec Site of Tula, Mexico.
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/toltecs.htm

stone "atlantean" warrior columns and feathered serpent columns

used to hold roofs and entryways of structures

were painted in vibrant colors

ranged from 15-20 feet tall

columnpaint
(Left) Atlantean Warrior Columns Topping a Pyramid at Tula, Mexico.
(Right) Artist Reconstruction of Painted Atlantean Warrior Column, Four Sides.
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/toltecs.htm      http://www.newodysseyart.co.uk/toltec_art_toltec_warrior.html

                  
serpent
Feathered Serpent Columns at the Entrance of the Temple
of the Warriors at Chichen Itza, Mexico.
http://www.internet-at-work.com/hos_mcgrane/chichen/eg_maya_chichen_warriors1b.html

columnated courtyards

courtyard
Columnated Courtyard at Palace Ruins in Tula, Mexico.
http://www.newodysseyart.co.uk/ancient_mexico_tula.html
                      

SETTLEMENT STRATEGY

there were a few primary ceremonial centers with each laid out on a grid system

there were trading outposts


SITES

Tula

used at the capital of the Toltec civilization from AD 980 to 1179

covered about 12 sq km and supported a population of about 30,000 at its height

monumental public architecture includes pyramid temples (slope and panel architecture), two ball courts, and palaces with columnated courtyards


temple
Artist Reconstruction of Temple of Quetzelcoatl at Tula, Mexico. Note
Atlantean Warrior Columns, Chacmool, Serpent Columns, and Panels
with Jaguar, Eagle, and Feathered Serpent Motifs.
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/toltecs.htm

other sites are Chichen Itza, Alta Vista, and La Quemada


POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

possibly a theocracy

militaristic empire, expanded through armed conflict and trading
 

DECLINE
 
possible factors are loss of wealth, drought, internal strife

last ruler committed suicide to end line of descent




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Page composed by Darlene Applegate, darlene.applegate@wku.edu
Last updated on November 10, 2006
All contents copyright (c), 2006. Western Kentucky University.