DISCLAIMER:  This study guide does not necessarily contain all information that may appear on the test.
 

CONTENT

• Unit 4 lectures
  
• Andean culture area
• Contact period

• Textbook readings
• pp. 334-346, 636-638, 710-713
• Chapters 17, 19
  

• draft animal
• pack animal
• meat-milk-skin animal

• textile
• geometric motif
• representational motif
• desiccation
• conscription
• adobe
• platform
  
• tumbaga
• trephination
  

• virgin soil epidemic
• gene flow
• Hernando Cortes
• Francisco Pizzaro
  

DATES / NUMERICAL INFORMATION

• date for black mummies (use date of 5000 BC given in class, vs. 5800 BC given in book)
  
• date for oldest textiles
• dates for oldest small-scale irrigation and large-scale irrigation systems
  
• date for oldest U-shaped ceremonial complex/pyramids
• dates for first evidence of metal use and evidence of widespread metal use
  
• date for oldest evidence of trephination
  

• date of earliest European settlement in the New World
  
• percentage of native deaths as a result of contact

LISTS / CONCEPTS

• general trends regarding the origins of domestication and food production
• important plant domesticates
• important animal domesticates

• three craft industries of the Andean area
• textiles:  raw materials used, motifs, functions
• mummification:  black mummification process, red mummification process, general mummification process, who was mummified, ice mummies vs. desiccated mummies
• four types of monumental public architecture
• irrigation:  relation to state development and decline, where used, two types
• U-shaped ceremonial complex:  components and arrangement, where earliest are found, functions
• pyramids:  where earliest are found, characteristics, materials used, functions
  
• metallurgy:  how differed from other parts of New World, metals used, two major centers, Moche innovations, Inca innovations
  
• terracing:  construction method, functions, where used
• trephination: why practiced, success rates
  

• early European contacts in the New World:  four groups, motivations
• biological consequences of contact: disease, population decline
  
• major types of diseases exchanged

PEOPLE

• Ruth Shady
• Walter Alva
  

SITES

• Chinchorro, Chile
  
• Paracas, Peru
• Chavin de Huantar, Peru
  
• Caral, Peru
  
• Sipan, Peru
  
• Cuzco, Peru
  
• Machu Picchu, Peru
  
• L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland
  

IDENTIFICATIONS

• mummies and mummy bundles: pp. 338-339, 654
  
• llama: p. 342
• U-shaped ceremonial complex/pyramids: pp. 345, 652, 653, 658, 664
  
• Chavin art: p. 654
  
• textiles: p. 654
  
• portrait vessel: p. 656
• Nasca lines: p. 660
  
• metallurgy: p. 663
  
• terraces: p. 667
  
• dry masonry or mortarless architecture: p. 667
• quipu: see Inca web notes
  
• there will be no map questions on the identifications
  

TEXTBOOK MATERIAL

• pp. 334-346
• Chinchorro mummies
• Andean animal and plant domestication
• Caral: the rise of socio-political complexity

• pp. 636-638
• the Spanish conquest

• Chapter 17
• key controversy: maritime foundations of Andean civilization?
• El Paraiso
• Chavin and the Early Horizon
• Moche, including Temples of the Sun and Moon
• Nasca lines
• Late Horizon, 1476-1533: Cuzco and the Incas
• sacred valley of the Incas and Machu Picchu

• pp. 710-713
• L'Anse aux Meadows
• collision of two worlds

• Chapter 19
• four lessons from prehistory
  

WEB NOTES

• present-day countries in the Andean culture area
• fundamental environmental divisions in Andean culture area
• positive features of Andean environment
• environmental challenges of Andean environment
• percent of arable land

• time periods in order (you don't need to know starting and ending dates nor cultural events)

• mother culture of Andean culture area
• two contributions of Chavin culture
• first state
• first empires
• quipu 
  
• mortarless architecture
  
• Incan road system
  
• first pan-Andean empire

• cultural consequences of contact

1.  Which of the following statements about the Andean environment is false?

a. About 50% of the land is arable, producing adequate surpluses to support complex societies.
b. The coastal zone is a desert, so irrigation agriculture was necessary.
c. The soil is fertile, which enhanced agricultural productivity.
d. Rich marine resources provided food for coastal groups.
e. The primary environmental feature that circumscribes the area is mountain peaks and valleys.

2.  Based on the chronology presented in the web notes, what is the oldest time period in Peruvian prehistory?

a. Early Horizon
b. Initial Period
c. Pre-Ceramic Period
d. Early Hunter Period
e. Paleoindian Period

3.  Which of the following was not a prehistoric plant cultigen in the Andean area?

a. peanut
b. maize
c. cotton
d. sunflower
e. beans

4.     Andean textiles

a. were used as indicators of social status and ethnicity.
b. functioned as burial wrappings.
c. were used exclusively by the elite members of society.
d. were used by inhabitants of the colder highland zone but not the coastal zone.
e. Both a and b are correct.

5.     Terraces may have been used for all of the following functions except

a. food production.
b. calendrics.
c. defense.
d. habitation.
e. water control.

6. True or False:  There are few natural resources in the Andean culture area, so trade with groups outside the area developed early in prehistory.
 

7. True or False:  The oldest archaeological evidence of plant cultigens and domesticated animals has been recovered from the highland areas of the Andes.
 

8. True or False:  Prehistoric animal domesticates of the Andean area included dog, guinea pig, llama, alpaca, and possibly turkey.
 

9. True or False:  The Aztec empire was conquered by Spaniards led by Pizarro, while the Inca empire fell to Spaniards led by Cortes.
 

10. True or False:  Stirrup pots, erotic art, quipus, and portrait vessels are associated with the Moche.
 

11.  Plant domestication began  ________  years earlier in the highlands than in the coastal zone of the Andes.
 

12.   The oldest plant domesticate from the Andean area is the  ____________  .
 

13.   The site of Caral is significant because it is the oldest Andean site with  ______________  .
 

14.  Sipan is a large site associated with the  ________  state.
 

15.   _______  is a metal alloy of gold and copper.
 

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