The exam covers Unit 1 lectures, textbook readings, article readings, and video.

TERMS

Though you will need to know some definitions, you will not be asked to recall the definitions of all of the following terms. You will, however, need to know the meanings of these terms to understand questions and choices. Be careful about how much time you spend on the terms.

• anthropology
• cultural anthropology
• biological anthropology
• linguistic anthropology
  
• archaeology
• prehistoric period / prehistoric archaeology
  
• historic period / historic archaeology
  

• sedentary / sedentism
• mobile / mobility
• city / urbanism
• subsistence
• food collecting / foraging / hunting-gathering
• food production / farming / herding
  
• domesticate
• hearth (place of indigenous development of food production, not a campfire)

• band
• tribe
• chiefdom
• complex society / civilization / state
• city state
• nation
• theocracy
• empire

• New World
  
• culture area

• BC - AD
• BP
• period time unit

• glaciation
  
• short chronology
  
• long chronology
• spear / spear point
• fluted spear point
• Clovis point
  
• blade / bladelet / microblade
• Dyukhtai
• sinodonty
• shovel-shaped incisor
• Solutrean
• Mongoloid
• Caucasoid
• land bridge
• Beringia
• kelp highway
  
• sea ice / pack ice
• ice-free corridor

PEOPLE

For each of the following people, know what site(s) he/she investigated, whether he/she is a proponent of the long chronology or short chronology, and/or other contributions to the study of the peopling of the New World.  Some of these are in the article readings.

• Christy Turner
• Niedra Guidon
  
• James Adovasio
• Albert Goodyear
  
• Tom Dillehey
• C. Vance Haynes
• Walter Neves
• Ted Goebel
• Dennis Stanford
  
• Bruce Bradley
• James Chatters
  
• Richard Owsley
• Joseph Greenberg
• Jon Erlandson
• Michael Collins
  

DATES / NUMERICAL

• dates for long chronology
• dates for short chronology

LISTS / CONCEPTS

• characteristics of complex societies
• how are numerical dates typically written
• theories for origins of food production
• theories for origins of complex society
• general environmental conditions during the peopling of the New World
• differences between long and short chronology theories: dates, diagnostic artifacts
• possible homelands of first migrants and evidence for each
  
• characteristics of Beringia
• possible migration routes of first migrants and problems with each explanation
• possible dispersal routes of south-moving migrants
• single wave vs multiple wave hypotheses
• problems with resolving debates about the peopling of the New World

SITES

Know if each site supports the long or short chronology and/or the site's significance. Some of these are in the article readings. 

• Blackwater Draw (Clovis)
• Mesa
  
• Murray Springs
• Pedra Pintada
• Gault
  
• Topper
• Meadowcroft
• Monte Verde
• Pedra Furada
• Kennewick
  
• Mesa
• Lapa Vermhela
  

TEXTBOOK MATERIAL

The following material was not specifically covered in class but may be included on the exam.

• Chapter 1: relevance of world archaeology, social evolution, radiocarbon dating

• Chapter 5: consequences of agriculture

• Chapter 4 (pp. 166-173): key controversy Kennewick Man and NAGPRA, Clovis phenomenon (Clovis lifeways)
  

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

 
1. All of the following are characteristics of most complex societies except

a. writing.
b. food collection.
c. force as a means of social control.
d. social stratification.
e. occupational specialization.

2. Which of the following is evidence that supports a mid-East Asia (China) homeland for the first migrants to the New World?

a. the oldest prehistoric human skeletal remains
b. genetics
c. sinodonty
d. linguistics
e. both b and c are correct

3. Which of the following sites provides evidence for the short chronology (exclusively)?

a. Monte Verde
b. Pedra Furada
c. Meadowcroft
d. Topper
e. Mesa

4. According to archaeologists who have examined the earliest skeletal remains (especially skull characteristics) in the New World, humans first migrated from what part of the Old World?

a. western Europe.
b. eastern Europe.
c. Siberia.
d. Polynesia/South Pacific.
e. China.

5. Where was the Clovis spear point first discovered?

a. Blackwater Draw
b. Meadowcroft
c. Topper
d. Gault
e. Murray Springs

6. True or False:  The traditiona explanation for the peopling of the New World is that groups crossed from Asia across Beringia at the end of the last ice age.
 

7. True or False:  Examples of period time units are 11,500 ± 250 BP and AD 200.
 

8. True or False:  Excavations at the Gault site revealed unexpected aspects of Clovis lifeways: settlement permenance, artistic expression, and wide range of foods.
 

9. True or False:  Archaeological time is divided into two broad periods, historic and proto-historic.
 

10. True or False:  Although food production is more efficient in terms of land use than is food collection, food production is riskier and more labor intensive than food collection.
 

11. Dennis Stanford and Bruce Bradley argued that humans may have migrated from western Europe based on similarities between Clovis and ______  tool technologies.
 

12. A specific type of item that can be dated with the radiocarbon method is  _____________  .
 

13. The date of  _________________   is used to divide the short and long chronology interpretations for when humans entered the world.
 

14. The idea that there were several migrations of early people into the New World is called the __________  hypothesis/theory.
 

15. Archaeological research at Monte Verde has been done by  _________ .
 

Click here for answers to objective questions.
 
 
SHORT-ANSWER ESSAYS

1.  Identify at least 8 characteristics of complex societies, and discuss whether or not each characteristic leaves archaeological traces.

2.  Compare and contrast food collection and food production.

3.  Compare and contrast the long chronology and short chronology hypotheses about the peopling of the New World.

4.  Archaeologists suggest that humans may have entered the New World from several places in the Old World.  Based on the evidence covered in the class, where do you think the first humans came from and why?

5.  What are the implications of NAGPRA for the study of the peopling of the New World? What is your opinion?