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Anth 130 Introduction to Archaeology
Dr. Darlene Applegate
Fall 2007
Fina Exam Review Material
Study Guide             Practice Questions

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TOPICS COVERED

• Modeling in Archaeology
• Reconstructing Technology
• Reconstructing Subsistence
• Reconstructing Exchange
• Reconstructing Settlement
• Reconstructing Social Organization
• Reconstructing Belief Systems
• Dissemination
  
• Curation
• Threats to the Archaeological Record
  
• Fagan Chapters 8, 11, 12, 13, 14
  
• "Flintknapping" video
• "Iceman from the Stone Age" video
  

TERMS

• model
• cultural ecology
  
• culture core

• technology
• primary tool
  
• secondary tool
• curated tool
  
• expedient tool
• simple tool
  
• complex tool
  

• subsistence
• food collection (a.k.a., hunting-gathering or foraging)
• food production (a.k.a., agriculture, farming or herding)
• midden
• paleofeces
• hypoplasia
• Harris line
• optimal foraging
• actor
• strategy set
  
• currency
• constraints
  

• exchange / trade
• reciprocity
• redistribution
• market economy
• exotic
• currency
  
• core
• periphery
  

• settlement pattern
• settlement system
• mobile
• sedentary
• microsettlement analysis
• intrasite analysis
• intersite analysis
• duration of occupation
• frequency of occupation
  
• season of occupation
• thermal alteration
• site catchment
  

• social organization
• status
• role
  
• band
• tribe
• chiefdom
• state (a.k.a., civilization or complex society)

• cognitive archaeology
• cosmology
• ideology
• religion
• iconography
• dualities
• cave art (a.k.a., parietal art)
• portable art
• open-air art
  

• dissemination
• curation
• collecting
• looting
  

LISTS AND CONCEPTS

• advantages/disadvantages of modeling in archaeology
  

• types of evidence used to reconstruct technology and examples
• five steps in Collins' model of chipped-stone tool manufacture

• two fundamental human subsistence strategies
• types of evidence used to reconstruct subsistence and examples
• goals of optimal foraging models
• five components of optimal foraging models
  

• types of evidence used to reconstruct exchange and examples
• five dimensions along which settlement varies
  
• types of evidence used to reconstruct settlement and relationship to settlement dimensions
• goals of site catchment analysis

• two fundamental human settlement strategies
• components of human social organization
• types of evidence used to reconstruct social organization and examples
• general characteristics of bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states

• types of evidence used to reconstruct cosmology/ideology/religion and examples
• dualities model
  

• relationship of dissemination to archaeological research design
  
• how research results are disseminated by archaeologists and intended audience(s) of each method

• relationship of curation to archaeological research design
• why archaeologists curate materials and records
  
• types of materials and records curated by archaeologists
• general curation requirements

• factors threatening the archaeological record

PEOPLE

• Julian Steward
• Bruce Bradley
  
• Michael Collins
• Eric Higgs
  
• Elman Service
• V. Gordon Childe
• Alexander Marshack
  

TEXT MATERIAL

• Chapter 8

• subtractive technology definition
• lithic analysis definition
• raw material of earliest human artifacts
• advantages of clay containers over organic containers
• date and people who made the earliest pottery vessels
• date and place where earliest metal tools were made
• basketry definition

• Chapter 11 
  

• zooarchaeology definition and goals
• paleobotany definition and goals

• Chapter 12

• site catchment analysis
• geographic information system
• characterization or sourcing studies

• Chapter 13 
  

• Otzi case study
• Amesbury case study
• Flannery's reconstruction of religious ceremony in the Valley of Oaxaca

• Chapter 14

• traits needed to be a successful archaeologist
• suggested training for a career in archaeology
• types of careers for archaeologists

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
 

1.  Archaeological models are

a. simplified representations of real world phenomena.
b. systems of landscape utilization.
c. relative dating techniques.
d. replicas of buildings and structures found at sites.
e. forms used to manufacture stone tools.

2.  If an archaeologist was studying the organization of a household at an archaeological site, he/she would be studying

a. remote sensing
b. microsettlement
c. intrasite patterns
d. intersite patterns
e. midden patterns

a. band
b. tribe
c. chiefdom
d. state
e. empire

4.  Which of the following is not an accepted way to disseminate the results of archaeological research?

a. television shows
b. newspaper articles
c. artifact shows
d. magazine articles
e. books

5.  All of the following are processes that destroy the archaeological record except

a. hunting.
b. farming.
c. looting.
d. resource extraction.
e. dam construction.

6.  True or False:  Site reports and journal articles are intended for an audience of professional archaeologist peers.
 

7. True or False: Cosmology refers to the way people view their relationship with a supernatural being, while religion refers to the way people view the universe.
 

8. True or False: Food remains, food acquisition tools, and human skeletal remains are used by archaeologists to reconstruct subsistence.

 
9. True or False:  Generally speaking, archaeologists are patient, detail-oriented, adaptible individuals with good organizational and interpersonal communication skills.

10.  The most complex societies in terms of socio-political organization are  __________ .
 

11. Beliefs about society and politics are called  ________  .
 

12. The culture core concept was suggested by  ______  .

Click here to view answers to practice questions.