• Unit 1 lectures
• Fagan Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 9
• African Burial Ground article
• videos shown in class

TERMS

You will not be asked to know the definitions of ALL (but certainly some) these terms, but you will have to know what the terms mean in order to understand test questions.  Be careful about spending too much time memorizing terms.

• anthropology
• cultural anthropology
• biological anthropology
• archaeology
• linguistics

• archaeology
• systematic
• science
• artifact
  
• culture
• academic archaeology
• applied archaeology
  
• historic period / historic archaeology
  
• prehistoric period / prehistoric archaeology

• induction
• deduction
• rationalism
• empiricism
• qualitative
• quantitative
• question
• hypothesis
• explanation (interpretation)
• theory
• assumption

• archaeological research design

• archaeological record
• artifact
• attribute
• physical attribute / formal attribute
• locational attribute / spatial attribute / provenience / context
• primary context
• secondary context
• functional attribute
• stylistic attribute
• chronological attribute
  
• diagnostic artifact
• assemblage
• cultural item
• cultural feature
• structure
• site
• formation process
• anaerobic
  

• public education
• formal education
• culture resource management
• National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA)
  
• Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA)
  
• Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)
• Kentucky Antiquities Act
• Kentucky Cave Resources Protection Act
  
• Kentucky Cemetery Protection laws
• Kentucky Desecration of a Venerated Object law
• forensic archaeology
• taphonomy
  

• typology
  
• culture history
• lifeways reconstruction
• culture process
• post-processual archaeology
  
• culture specific

• ethics
• profession
• stewardship
• accountability
  

LISTS

• four subdisciplines of anthropology

• seven key aspects of our definition of archaeology

• ten steps of archaeological research design (ARD), in order
• steps in ARD that comprise the planning stage
• steps in ARD that comprise the implementation stage

• four parts of the archaeological record and examples of each
• five types of artifact attributes and examples of each
• materials that preserve well
• materials that preserve poorly
• environments that promote good preservation of artifacts
• environments that provide poor preservation of artifacts
• two major types of formation processes and examples of each
• four values of the archaeological record

• three applied goals of archaeology
• five goals of public archaeology education
  
• methods of educating the public about archaeology
• five academic goals of archaeology

• eight ethical principles of the Society for American Archaeology
  

CONCEPTS

• distinguish among questions, hypotheses, explanations and theories - be able to identify examples of each of these

• how do the goals of archaeology relate to archaeological research design
• differences between academic and applied archaeology
  
• primary goals of typology, culture history, lifeways reconstruction, culture process, post-processual archaeology
  
• results of culture history, lifeways reconstruction, and culture process
• examples of questions/hypotheses/explanations related to culture history, lifeways reconstruction, culture process, and post-processual archaeology
  

PEOPLE

• Lewis Binford
• Robert Dunnell

INFORMATION FROM THE TEXTBOOK

Some of this material was covered in class and some is new material you should review.
 

• Chapter 1

• Cyrus Thomas and the moundbuilder controversy
• Alfred Kidder and the direct historic approach
• A.L.F. Pitt-Rivers' and Mortimer Wheeler's innovations in scientific excavation

• Chapter 2

• relationship of archaeology to anthropology
• types of archaeologists
• pseudoarchaeology

• Chapter 3

• four goals of archaeology (compare to class lists)
  
• archaeological record: sites, artifacts, features, ecofacts
• archaeological context

• Chapter 4
  

• interpretation of culture history: inevitable variation, invention, diffusion, migration
• ecological/environmental processual archaeology
• what is post-processual archaeology?

• Chapter 9
  

• site-formation processes, Michael Schiffer
• preservation, organic vs. inorganic, favorable preservation conditions
• definitions of ethnographic analogy, ethnoarchaeology, experimental archaeology

PRACTICE QUESTIONS  

1.    Which of the following statements about archaeology is false?

a. Archaeology is concerned with training professional archaeologists and not with educating the public.
b. Prehistoric archaeologists study the archaeological record predating the development of writing, while historic archaeologists study the archaeological record of literate societies.
c. Academic archaeologists today most often begin their research by asking a question.
d. Archaeologists attempt to understand the past by studying the archaeological record.
e. Professional archaeologists approach the archaeological record systematically and scientifically in an attempt to answer research questions about past human culture.

a. The projectile point is 45.8 mm long.
b. The metal object is made of copper.
c. The bottle is made of lilac-colored blown glass.
d. The shell is decorated with a spider design.
e. The ceramic vessel was found 10 cm below the surface of the site.

a. a metal sword
b. a hearth or campfire
c. a barn
d. a pottery vessel
e. a village

a. When did the Aztec build their capital at Tenochtitlan?
b. Why did the Anasazi stop making plain pottery and begin making negative-painted pottery?
c. Why did humans begin living in permanent settlements instead of moving around regularly?
d. How did the Fort Ancient people construct their houses?
e. Both a and b are correct.

a. The movement of ideas from one group of people to another.
b. The development of new artifacts or ways of doing something.
c. A behavior or tool that allows one to interact effectively with the environment.
d. The movement of people from one place to another.
e. The alteration or movement of artifacts due natural and cultural processes.

7.    True or False: Primary sites are more common than secondary sites.

8.    True or False: In doing archaeological research, archaeologists typically formulate hypotheses before reviewing literature.

9.    True or False: Artifacts made of stone and pottery are very durable and are preserved even in the poorest environments like temperate woodlands or tropical forests.

10.    True or False:  According to Lynn Sebastian, archaeologists are different from treasure hunters in that people and information are emphasized over things and objects.

11.     ___________  involves reasoning from general ideas to specific details, while  __________  involves reasoning from specific details to general ideas.

12.    ___________  is credited with ushering in the third goal of archaeology, culture process, in the 1960's.

13.    ______   ______  are components of the archaeological record that have discrete boundaries and can be transported easily from a site.

14.    A/An  ___________  is anything that owes any of its attributes to human activity.

15.    ________  _________  involves replicating ancient technologies and lifeways in order to better understand the archaeological record.
 

Click here to view answers to practice questions.